Groups Professional Identity, Function, and Ethics - Research Paper Example

? Group Professional Counseling This paper aims to explore the essence and purpose of group counseling within the precepts of Christian perspectives. The research will describe the group counseling processes and dynamics when forming and working through the stages of development. It will seek to explain the characteristics and significance of an effective group leader when communicating and interacting with group members as well as describe the required competencies in leadership including handling multicultural differences of group members throughout the counseling process. Most importantly, the identity, function, and ethical requirements in group work as a professional and Christian counselor will be given emphasis including Biblical value reviews in ministering small groups which explores God’s truth and how client needs can be met by participating in an intimate group setting. Keywords: group counseling, counseling, group therapy, Christian counselor Introduction Professional group counseling covers multi-faceted perspectives in the psyche life of different types of people. This is considered part of psychology “in action”. Although group counseling has the guidelines and parameters to follow as provided by a number of books on Group Counseling authored by experts on the fields like G. Corey , S. Venkates, Jacobs, et.al, Corey and Callahan, the code of ethics from the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC), among others, that can guide group counselors or facilitators in their conduct of their group counseling, this field of group counseling, is still faced with a number of challenges and issues like multicultural diversity, ethical issues covering confidentiality and dual practice (group and individual counseling) , ACA vs AACC code of ethics, Christian vs secular counseling, etc. These challenges and issues must be addressed accordingly for the practice to proceed and develop in the way it should be. Perhaps, this overview of professional group counseling would provide some enlightenment on gray areas understudy. Thesis Statement This paper seeks to bring herein some evidence or facts regarding selected issues about group counseling like the misinformation and interchanging use of such concepts as guidance, counseling and therapy; the issue on having a secular and a Christian group counselor, “dual relationship” counseling practice, and how to select a group leader or counselor. These are some areas that this paper will present in the hope that further enlightenment can be achieved or better conclusions can be derived for future academic research undertakings. An Overview of Group Professional Counseling Early Beginnings Joseph Pratt (1905, applied first formal therapeutic group experience), Alfred Adler (1922, pro-runner of group counseling), and Jacob Moreno (1922, pioneer for group and psycho therapy), Trigant Burrow (1935, psychoanalytic group analysis) and Kurt Lewin (1940, founder of theory based on Gestalt principle) were noted to be the first to use group counseling” (Berg, et.al, 2002). During this stage of counseling field development, clients were seeking social interaction which was often found within groups. Several early counseling groups that you even see today developed through time. Jacobs et.al described these groups based on their own group categories by functionality, as follows: “a)Education group – provides clients with various information; b) Discussion group– focuses on issues or topics and not on the members personal concern; c)Task group- that which needs to accomplish a task or task-oriented activity ; d) Growth and Experiential group is a group wherein a member wants to be in a group and is motivated to learn more about themselves in a group like T-groups; e) Counseling and Therapy group differs from the growth groups because members come to the group for certain problems; f) Support group- enables members to learn other people’s struggles with the same problems, feel similar emotions and think similar thoughts. Lastly, g) Self-help groups would refer to laypeople with similar concerns as those in the meeting generally lead by self-help groups” (Jacobs, et.al., 2009). Development in the process included specialized group counseling studies on multicultural group work (Anderson, 2007), the impact of culture and cultural differences on group behaviors of a group. In related studies, importance of cohesion in group therapies as related to group dynamics was also taken in consideration. Latest research studies on this field are now primarily focusing on the standards of professional and ethical issues and decisions for group workers. The Essence and Purpose of Group Counseling With the widespread of many kinds of groups and the presence of plethora of information that oftentimes lead to misinformation using guidance, counseling and therapy interchangeably, it is appropriate that delineations must be made in defining them. (Berg, et. al., 2002) Gazda (1982) described them, as follows: “Group guidance and certain human potentials-type groups are described as primarily preventive in purpose; group counseling , T-groups, sensitivity groups, encounter groups … are described as partially preventive, growth engendering and remedial in purpose. Group psychotherapy is described as remedial in purpose…” (Berg,et. al ..as cited in Gazda, 1982, p.23) Berg, et.al cited that “the differences between group counseling and group psychotherapy center on the composition of group, the degree of personality change expected and the ability to cope up with life situations. Group counseling can have members from virtually all walks of life and gain deeper personal insights as well as develop their personal potentials. Therapy group members bring more severe personality problems to the group which needs remedial results.” (Berg, et.al., 2002). In such case, the concepts herein are distinctively different from each other in terms of role, function, coverage and techniques. Today, group counseling has evolved into different structures using different program patterns depending on how they will be used. By and large the real essence of “groups” can be used either “for therapeutic or educational or for the combination of two” (Corey, 2007, p.3). Group counseling became popular primarily because of the “therapeutic forces derived and sought by group members which include the following : a) installation of Hope; b) imparting of information; c)corrective recapitulation; d)interpersonal learning; e)catharsis; f)development of socializing, g) universality, h) altruism, i)modeling, group cohesiveness and existential factors techniques” (Kivligham & Holmes cited from Yalom 1995) &(Corey,p.8, 2007). Elements of Group Counseling Characteristics of a Group Leader/ Facilitator Success in achieving the set goals of group counseling is the ultimate objective of any led group counseling team. One of the major key who holds the key to the success of group counseling is the Group Counselor/ Facilitator. It is essential for group counselors/facilitators to have competencies “established by the Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) to include: Knowledge competency, Skills competency and the Supervised (10-20clock hours)” (Allyn & Bacon, 2004) to be effective leaders. Aside from interpersonal skills, a group facilitator must have knowledge in planning and organizing (Corey, et. al., 1). To gain this skill, he needs to have to an education and a certificate from career professional agency which can only be achieved by undergoing a test. Education–wise, a “Group Facilitator must hold a master’s or doctorate degree in counseling or psychology from an accredited educational institution. In addition, passing the test given by the National Counselor Examination is also a prerequisite to secure credentials like a license from the National Certified Counselor” (“Licensed Professional”). What are the skills, educational level, traits, knowledge that a good facilitator or leader must possess? A Group Leader must possess high level skills in order to promote the growth of its members. Ventakes, S. described how the following criteria would equip the leader, as follows: “Presence: Being emotionally present means able to share the joy and pain that others experience. This helps in being empathizing and compassionate to the group members. Personal power: It involves the group leader to be confident in one’s self in facilitating the member’s towards empowerment. Courage: The group leader must be able to openly accept his faults, confronting others. Willingness to confront oneself: The group leader should be willing to question himself, about his attitude, feelings, biases etc. I. Sincerity and Authenticity Sense of Identity Inventiveness and Creativity: They should be open to new experiences, share new ideas and not stick to traditional ritualistic methods” (Venkates, Sujatha, 2006). The Christian Group Counselor/ Facilitator The qualification that set aside Christian Group Counselor from a Secular Group Counselor would be the basis of their teachings with the former, depending more on the academic sociological and psychological tenets while the latter one would have the Bible as its main source or basis of teaching. Citing just a few of what a Christian group counselor must be, first, “he must uphold the Bible as an authority base. Second, his counseling must be based on God’s love (and grace.). It must be universal and can be applied to all people regardless of race, social, educational or cultural background and must deal with the whole person _physically, emotionally and spiritually. But the subject must also know the ethical boundaries in counseling.” (“Principles of Christian”, n.d.) More specifically, the Christian Group Counselor is expected to adhere to “ACA (2005) proposed five main purposes for its code of ethics: (a) to clarify the nature of ethical responsibilities, (b) to support the mission of the organization, (c) to establish principles that inform best practice, (d) to assist members in constructing a course of action, and (e) to serve as the basis for processing ethical complaints and inquiries. The ACA Code of Ethics (ACA, 2005) reflects the counseling profession's understanding of the responsibilities inherent in the covenantal relationship with society” (“The ACA Code”, 2009). Group Counseling Processes and Techniques Stages of Group Development Group counseling may be considered a type of therapy leveraging people to benefit from shared experiences. How do groups evolve? G. Corey maintains “that there is no definite group process to follow. A road map of stages of group development is though required for a group to progress. The group process is unique from one group to another. It will depend on the theoretical orientation of the leader, the purpose of the group and the population that makes up the group. However, there is a general pattern that must be followed in the evolution of the group”. (Corey, G., 2009) G. Corey presents six (6) stage scenarios of group development , as follows: Stage 1 – Formation stage which entails planning, getting prepared, announcing the group, screening and selecting members and preparing them for a successful unique experience.; Stage 2 – Orientation Phase which covers a time of exploration during the initial sessions; Stage 3 – Transition Stage is characterized by dealing with conflict, defensiveness and resistance; Stage 4 – The Working Stage which is marked by action-dealing with significant personal issues and translating insight into action both in the group and outside of it.; Stage 5 –The Consolidation Stage – focused on applying what has been learned in group and putting it to use in everyday life; Stage 6 – Evaluation and Follow-up issues which involves assessment of strategies and follow up of results (Corey, G., 2009). Group Dynamics and the Importance of Group Cohesion One of the more used strategies in group counseling is Group Dynamics. Kurt Lewin (1951) described group dynamics as the way groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances, these processes (Forsyth, 2009). “There exists what they call group cohesion theory. “Based on this theory, group cohesion is the way how to get people in a group connected, committed and in harmony with project goals and objectives. In other words, members of the cohesive group have a sense of unity or connectedness that exceeds individual motives, and so there's a strong force of attraction between the group and its members. The collection of people to be defined as a group, the members must: interact with one another; be socially attracted to each other; share goals or objectives and have a shared identity which distinguishes them from other groups ” (“Group Cohesion…”,n.d.) To have a better grasp of the point, this example, “social mixing of a sports club is termed "Social Cohesion" or a “personal cohesion” and a group with shared formal goals who are normally successful as a group (e.g. the 8 rowers in a boat race)” is referred to as "Task Cohesion" or task-related cohesion ”(Mac, B. Group Dynamics, n.d.). Based on this, it is important to sustain and maintain the closeness of group relationships. It is important to recognize the impact of group cohesion. When can one say that Cohesion has developed in a Group? “Cohesion develops Stability,  the longer a group is together with the same members; Similarity- Cohesion develops when the more similar the group members are in terms of age, sex, skills and attitudes ; Size - Cohesion develops more quickly in small groups ; Support - Cohesive teams tend to have managers and coaches who provide support to team members and encourage them to support one another; Satisfaction- Cohesion is associated with the extent to which team members are pleased with each others performance, behavior and conformity to the norms of the team.”(Mac, B.,Group Dynamics, n.d.) As the saying goes, united we stand, divided we fall. Learning and Applying Group Counseling Techniques from Theoretical Models G. Corey explained that “simply adhering to a primary theory does not imply that a practitioner can apply the same techniques to all clients. It is essential to be flexible in the manner in which techniques are applied to a diverse range of clients” (Corey, 2009). He continued: “…no single theory is comprehensive enough to account for the complexities of human behavior, especially when the range of client types and their specific problems are taken into consideration” (Corey 2009). “Because no one theory has a patent on the truth, and because no single set of counseling techniques is always effective in working with diverse client populations.” wrote Lazarus (Corey, G. , p272 , n.d... cited from Lazarus 1996, ), Integrative Approach would be a better alternative according to Corey. (Corey,Designing Integrative Approach). Some of these theories include: Gestalt Therapy (therapy focuses on whatever is in the client’s awareness), Existential Therapy, Psychodrama Therapy (approach in which the client acts out or dramatizes past, present, or anticipated life situations and roles.), Behavioral Therapy, Multimodal Therapy, Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Reality Therapy and Choice Theory, Adlerian Therapy ( approach is to help clients identify and change their mistaken beliefs about self, others, and life and thus participate more fully in a social world.), Feminist and Systemic Therapy. (Corey, 2009). In view of the above, what they are saying is that from these theories, the group counselor or therapist must know how to select, combine and apply any of the theories cited above. Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice “Ethical codes establish the rules of conduct. Christian counselors are strictly required to adhere to the ethical codes of their profession. Ethical issues occur in various areas of counseling; however, there are two areas that evoke the largest number of complaints filed with ethical boards: issues of confidentiality and dual relationships.” [“Key Ethical Issues”..] “Christian counselors are strictly required to adhere to the ethical codes of their profession. Ethical issues occur in various areas of counseling; however, there are two areas that evoke the largest number of complaints filed with ethical boards: issues of confidentiality and dual relationships.” [“Key Ethical Issues”..] “The AACC recognizes that many counselors are affiliated with religious institutions in the capacity of preachers, pastors, and leaders. It could be tempting for such individuals to use anecdotal accounts and stories gleaned from their counseling services as content in sermons or Bible lessons. The AACC, therefore, explicitly admonishes against such practices. ” (Roy, N. Ethical Codes Analysis) Confidentiality “The American Group Psychotherapy Association focuses on the group’s therapist responsibility, as on of its ethical behavior guidelines, to inform all patients of their treatment plan and risk, legal rights and terms of confidentiality. There are guidelines for ethical behavior of group therapist provided by the American Group Psychotherapy Association. This checks on group therapist’s responsibility to inform all patients of their treatment plan, risks, legal rights and terms of confidentiality:” [“Key Ethical Issues”]. “Confidentiality is an ethical concept, and simply put, means that what is shared within the therapeutic relationship will not be voluntarily disclosed by the counselor. Confidentiality is essential because it fosters trust, which is the bedrock of the therapeutic alliance. Christian counselors maintain client confidentiality to the fullest extent as allowed by law, professional ethics, and church or organizational rules. I-410 – Confidentiality, Privacy, and Privileged Communication. The AACC Christian Counseling Code of Ethics (hereinafter noted as AACC code).2 The ACA (American Counseling Association) codes of ethics, A2a, states that clients "have the right to expect confidentiality and to be provided with an explanation of its limitations...” Privilege and Privacy Two related concepts are privileged communication and privacy” [“Key Ethical Issues”]. Here is a situation where confidentiality of a client can be compromised. This is “when a counselor is working under supervision or consults professionally with is another counselor. There are certain occasions that in the course of treatment that confidentiality about the client may be compromised. Thus, it is always the counselor's responsibility to protect the client's identity. These same rules holds true for Christian counselors. First and foremost, Christian counselors should adhere to the ethical codes of their profession.” [“Key Ethical Issues”]. To simply just what is written above, it would mean that at all costs except when lives are in danger, the group counselor has no right to expose or give out any personal information about his client to any third party. The group counselor must ensure that there will be no room or possibilities for a leak out regarding his client’s identity and other personal information. “Wearing Two Hats” or Dual and Multiple Relationships in Practice “Wearing Two Hats” is just a term given by Gianino, et. al. “A dual relationship is basically the participation in more than one role with the same client or a relationship where two or more roles are mixed in a manner that can harm the counseling relationship. Most professional codes of ethics warn of the potential dangers of dual relationships. Counselors must make every effort to avoid dual relationships with clients that could impair professional judgment or increase the risk of harm to clients. (Examples of such relationships include, but are not limited to familial, social, financial, business, or close personal relationships with clients.) A.6.a – Dual Relationships. ACA Code of Ethics.” (“Key Ethical Issues”) Keeping Healthy Relationship With Clients “How do counselors maintain healthy boundaries with their clients? The responsibility rests squarely on the counselor; any type of sexual involvement is always unethical. The first line of defense is the informed consent, which can state that the counselor does not engage in socializing with clients. In the event the counselor experiences an attraction to the client, it is essential that the counselor seek out a trusted and experienced colleague to assist in exploring these feelings and establishing accountability. In some cases personal therapy may be necessary, but under no conditions should the counselor act on his/her feelings. Counseling never includes sex. If the counselor cannot resolve his/her feelings, termination and/or referral may be required.” (“Key Ethical Issues”) Conclusion Group counseling offers many rewards or therapeutic forces that group members seek, enjoy and in most cases are being sought of. Definitely people are out for it not only because they are by nature “social beings” or they use it for their own therapeutic or education , more often than not their session on group counseling becomes part of their lives. Nevertheless, though this research has its own limitations, it has presented new insights on what and how group counseling can be a catalyst to better the lives of people who need group support. The areas on multicultural group work counseling may be identified as new frontiers where research can further derive new paradigms. But most importantly, the Christian and secular group counseling were discussed to give light to their purpose, entity as well as to define and delineate the essence of what a true professional and Christian counselor should be. Personal Reflections I chose to research on this topic for a number of reasons. First, I learned about group counseling, guidance and therapy have their own distinct features which many people do not know and thus, as said earlier, are used interchangeably, an added input to my learning curve. Second, I learned that there are two kinds of group counselors, one can be secular while the other can opt to become a Christian group counselor, how they differ, operate, etc. It is proper at this point to acquire knowledge about group counseling since my future endeavors will deal more on this field. Finally, this paper gives me a better understanding on how one can help people to interact, make better their lives, and if possibly, relate with their personal struggles. It would be best if I immerse myself to a group lab or participate in actual group counseling to observe and learn first hand of things that could serve as my eye openers in life. Secondly, it would be nice to witness and interact with professional facilitators and group leaders who can offer more support and alternatives to more families at once. Finally, counseling is a good field to explore as it provides any group under rescue a climate where people can establish trust and a chance to care about others outside of their own families as well as change for the better. WORKS CITED Allyn, M.A. and Bacon, K. “Introduction to Counseling”. 2004. [PowerPoint Presentation] Retrieved March 05, 2011 from Online Web site: http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:obODpyV4xKgJ:www.ablongman.com/helpingprofessions/coun/ppt/other/groupcounseling.ppt+group+counseling-+a+history+-+.pdf&hl=en&gl=ph&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgcQaooHeZA2x19Yxub50SGZ Anderson, Donald. (2007 )Multicultural Group Work: A Force for Developing and Healing. The Journal For Specialists in Group Work, 32( 3), 224-244 . Retrieved March 09, 2011 from Web site: http://www.olc.edu/~jolson/socialwork/OnlineLibrary/Anderson,%202007,%20Multicultural%20group%20work%20-%20A%20force%20for%20defveloping%20and%20healing.pdf Berg, Robert C., Landreth, Garry L. and Fall, Kevin A. 2002. Group counseling: concepts and procedures [PDF File], Retrieved March 08, 2011 from Online Web site: http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=YWT6FItm_OYC&pg=PA277&lpg=PA277&dq=Corey,+G.+%281990%29+Theory+%26+Practice+of+Group+Counseling,+Brooks/Cole.+Group+Therapy&source=bl&ots=ywVcK85_oa&sig=z1PRnaM-kjD8mJ67m4IrHAX-i8Q&hl=en&ei=BvJ1TYOuHIzqrQeKlpG_Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Corey%2C%20G.%20%281990%29%20Theory%20%26%20Practice%20of%20Group%20Counseling%2C%20Brooks%2FCole.%20Group%20Therapy&f=false Corey, Gerald, Theory and practice of group counseling. (2007). [PDF File] Retrieved March 08, 2011 from Online Web site: http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SgyM76Yy908C&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=Corey,+G.,+Corey,+M.,+%26+Haynes,+R.+(2006).++Groups+in+action:+Evolution+and+Chall#v=onepage&q&f=false Corey, Gerald. Article 29: Designing an Integrative Approach to Counseling Practice. [PDF File] Retrieved March 09, 2011 from Online Web site: http://www.counseling.org/Resources/Library/VISTAS/vistas04/29.pdf Corey, Corey and Haynes.Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. (2009). Retrieved March 09, 2011 from Online Web site: http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=eg4Tev903YwC&dq=COREY,COREY,+AND+HAYNES&hl=en&source=gbs_navlinks_s Forsyth, Donelson R. Group Dynamics . 2009. [PDF File] Retrieved March 06, 2011 from Online Web site: http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=RsMNiobZojIC&pg=PA494&lpg=PA494&dq=forsyth+- +group+counselling&source=bl&ots=FENtvC7NTR&sig=DX3DyD_#v=onepage&q&f=false Is Group Cohesion So Important in Team Building?. Retrieved March 09, 2011 from Web site: http://www.taskmanagementguide.com/setting-tasks/is-group-cohesion-so-important-in-team-building.php Jacobs, Edward E., Masson, Robert L., Harvill, Riley L. 2009. Group Counseling: Strategies And Skills [PDF File] Retrieved March 08, 2011 from http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=HU9a5bMLYYsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=jacobs+group+counseling&source=bl&ots=5C-udKPr18&sig=QGHsWECXVwHlbeTbBXGVxKLEbyU&hl=en&ei=7KB2TbCKHYzIrQeT7oG_Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false Key Ethical Issues on Christian Counseling. (2010) Retrieved March 11, 2011 from Web site: http://www.articlesbase.com/mental-health-articles/key-ethical-issues-in-christian-counseling-2774983.html Licensed Professional Counselor Education Requirements and Duties, n.d. Retrieved March 07, 2011 from http://education-portal.com/licensed_professional_counselor.html Mac, Brian. Group Dynamics. (n.d.) Retrieved March 10, 2011 from Web site: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/group.htm Reeve, Jessica. Biblical Counseling vs. Christian Psychology. (January 2006) Retrieved March 08, 2011 from Web site: http://jessicareeve.blogspot.com/2006/01/biblical-counseling-vs-christian.html Roy, Nick Ethics Codes Analysis COUN 501-D01 – Counselor Professional Identity, Function, and Ethics . Retrieved March 10, 2011 from web site: http://www.galtmilemedia.com/docs/completed_ethics_paper.pdf The ACA Code of Ethics: articulating counseling's professional covenant. (2009). Retrieved March 09, 2011 from Web site: http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-9862070/The-ACA-Code-of-Ethics.html The Principles of Christian Counseling. n.d. Retrieved March 09, 2011 from Web Site: http://www.ccsoi.org/principles.htm Kivligham, Dennis Jr. and Holmes, Stacey. (2004). Therapeutic Factors. A Typology of Therapeutic Factor Studies.Handbook of Group Counseling and Psychotherapy . Chapter 2, pp. 23-24. Retrieved from online web site: http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=peq9KcBlQtQC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=Yalom+1995+-+Therapeutic+forces+in+group+counseling&source=bl&ots=yPgDqVCR4Y& Venkates, Sujatha. Group Counseling (December 2006) Web. Retrieved March 09, 2011 from http://changingminds.org/articles/articles/group_counseling.htm REFERENCES American Association of Christian Counselors (2004) Code of Ethics. Retrieved February 7, 2011 from http://www.aacc.net/about-us/code-of-ethics/ American Counseling Association (2005) Code of Ethics. Retrieved February 7, 2011 from http://www.counseling.org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home/CT2.aspx American Group Psychotherapy Association (2002) Guidelines for Ethics. Retrieved February 8, 2011 from http://www.agpa.org/group/ethicalguide.html Association for Specialists in Group Work (2007) Best Practice Guidelines. Retrieved February 9, 2011from http://www.agpa.org/guidelines/agpapracticeguidelines2007pdf.pdf Clinton & Ohlschlager (2002). Competent Christian counseling: Foundations and Practice Of Compassionate soul care. Colorado Springs, CO: WaterBrook Press. Corey, Corey, & Callahan (2011). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Corey, G., Corey, M., & Haynes, R. (2006). Groups in action: Evolution and Challenges. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Erwin, P. (1999). The Effects of a Programmed of Training in Structured Group Counseling. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 12(2), 191. Retrieved September 19, 2010 from Academic Search Complete database. Gianino, M., & Glick, A. (2008). WEARING TWO HATS: CLINICAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF COMBINING INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TREAMENT. Social Work with Groups, 31(3/4), 273-287. Rothenberg, P. S. (2007). Race, class, and gender in the United States (7th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Shechtman, Z., Hiradin, A., & Zina, S. (2003). THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON GROUP BEHAVIOR: A COMPARSION OF THREE ETHNIC GROUPS. Journal of Counseling & Development, 81(2), 208. Retrieved February 10, 2011 from Academic Search Complete database. Walker, J., Alphonse, A., & Cohen, E. (1985). GROUP FACILITATOR SUPERVISON THROUGH A ONE-WAY MIRROR. Journal of Counseling & Development, 63(9), 578. Retrieved February 10, 2011 from Academic Search Complete database. Vacc, Nicholas A. & Loesch, Larry C. Professional orientation to counseling. Retrieved March 09, 2011 from Web site: http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ILJn64gNm08C&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=components+of+a+successful+group+counseling&source=bl&ots=OeLNo38pgi&sig=oOOBkHJavSEbJHcrKqKxOd3XzsM&hl= THIS IS JUST A REFERENCE PAGE BUT NOT TO BE SUBMITTED WITH THE PAPER OUTLINE OF PAPER I. ABSTRACT II. INTRODUCTION III. AN OVERVIEW / DISCUSSION Early Beginnings The Essence and Purpose of Group Counseling (Secular and Christian Sides) Elements of Counseling Characteristics of a Group Leader The Christian Group Counselor Ethical Issues in Counseling Practice Confidentiality , Its Importance and Difficulties Dual Role Group Counseling Processes & Techniques Deriving Group Counseling Techniques from Theoretical Models IV. PERSONAL REFLECTION V. CONCLUSION Read More