The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Devices - Research Paper Example

?THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICAL DEVICES The use of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Devices Affiliation Introduction This paper presents a detailed overview of artificial intelligence by giving particular attention to the use of artificial intelligence in medical science/devices. This paper starts with the overview of artificial intelligence, which is a science of making intelligent computers/devices. After that this paper discusses the applications of artificial intelligence in medical industry. It shows how medical industry is getting benefits by implementing the techniques of artificial intelligence. The basic aim of this paper is to discuss the use of artificial intelligence in medical devices such as Vinci Surgery Robot. This paper will analyze the da-Vinci Surgery system for the modern AI based medical surgery arrangement. Artificial Intelligence or simply AI is generally defined as the engineering of developing machines carry out various tasks that need intelligence when done by humans (Copeland, 2000). In other words, the artificial intelligence is the analysis of artificial computational machines and systems which can be prepared to take action in a way which we would tend to identify as intelligent. In the beginning, artificial intelligence buzzword was launched as an idea to imitate human brain and look into the real-world complex issues with holistic human capabilities. However, the scholars and scientists from all through the globe are very energized concerning developments in modernization that have emerged from an inborn aspiration to make modern and innovative tools and technologies that help mankind to hang over their own physical ability. The history of AI can be traced back to the early 1950s. However, the artificial intelligence has got a little accomplishment in limited, or basic, fields. Thus, the sixty years from the beginning of artificial intelligence have offered merely very slow development or growth, and untimely brightness regarding the accomplishment of human intelligence has given way to an admiration of the thoughtful solution of the difficulty. Possibly, the publication of a paper entitled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" was the initial major happening in the history of AI, which was written by the British Mathematician Alan Turing. According to Alan Turing, if a machine is able to pass a definite test (that is now acknowledged as the 'Turing test') then that machine can be acknowledged as intelligent. Additionally, this way of testing a machine engages a person (identified as the reviewer) who is responsible for asking questions using a computer terminal with two other entities, in which one is a human and the other is a computer. However, if the reviewer frequently failed to properly differentiate the machine or computer from the human, then it can be said that the machine has passed the test. Thus, the artificial intelligence is a branch of science which involves developing intelligent machines, particularly intelligent computer applications. Additionally, it is linked to the identical job of utilizing computers to recognize human intelligence; however it is not necessary for the artificial intelligence to bind itself to techniques or rules that are physically visible. Though, sometimes it might be possible but not forever or even frequently. In addition, it can also be learned that how to build machines carrying out human jobs by analyzing our own ways of carrying out tasks or other people (McCarthy, 2001; Berkeley, 1997; Copeland, 2000; Kannan, 2010). AI allows the computers to be trained from skill, be familiar with patterns in huge amounts of complicated data and take difficult decisions derived from human knowledge and problem solving abilities (Hamrita; ThinkQuest, 1997). AI in Medical Industry The artificial intelligence has always been on the scope from practical fields to the thoughts in literature and movies. In this regard, the artificial intelligence mainly develops the capability to collect and perform operations on huge amounts of data in an intelligent way, as well as transform that data and information into useful structure. However, in the beginning of AI, it has been utilized for extremely discriminating space exploration applications or defense in which its techniques of problem solving are involved. But, at present, steady change of its utilization in medical industry is being extensively noticed by means of AI-based systems that are helpful for better judgment and treatment (Kannan, 2010). AI can be helpful for both doctors and patients in the following ways: It can be used in a laboratory for the test, demonstration, and classification of medical information. It offers various tools which can be used for decision-making and research. It can be added in activities of medical, cognitive sciences and software. It can be used for presenting a content-rich regulation for prospective scientific medical society. The growing incorporation of smart AI tools in medical applications can be helpful to improve the competence of cure as well as reduce expenditures by reducing the risks of wrong judgment, help more targeted pre-operative planning, and decrease the chance of intra-operative problems (Kannan, 2010). The current practice of AI in carrying out complicated human jobs and calculations has steadily led it to be established as a very important element of computed tomography systems and medical industry. These systems have the capabilities to efficiently attain information from the established decision support databases. On the other hand, artificial intelligence has started changing the surgical robotics in which it has created the capabilities in robots that are now able to carry out semi-automated surgical jobs with growing competence. However, there could be some challenges in robotics such as minimizing the use of human intelligence and body motion. Regardless of such a serious confront, the field of robotics has achieved substantial growth and is currently used all the way through a broad range of applications varying from the defense industry to the diagnostics and treatment. On the other hand, the, robots are not created stylishly, but they are utilized by means of certain software applications which make them intelligent. Moreover, through the latest developments in AI field for instance, natural language processing, neural networking, speech recognition / synthesis research and image recognition it is expected the future of robotics looks very brilliant really (Kannan, 2010). Few examples of Medical Devices There can be seen an emergence of expert systems and computer-based intelligent decision support systems (DSSs) in the medical industry and the recent victory of which reveals a growth of artificial intelligence technology. Additionally, the incorporation of intelligence to a medical device can be really helpful and successful. It can be understood with the aid of an example, the Agilent Acute Cardiac Ischemia Time-Insensitive Predictive Instrument (Agilent Technologies; Andover, MA), is an intelligent ECG tool that calculates the likelihood of acute cardiac ischemia (ACI), which is a frequent type of heart attack. According to the research of the Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research more than 100,000 needless cardiac care unit admissions and more than 200,000 needless hospitalizations could be avoided every year if this device were utilized in emergency rooms. Thus, just about $100 could be avoided for each of the 7 million yearly emergency room visits for chest pain, referring to a savings of approximately $700 million yearly in hospital expenditures (MDDI Online, 2000). In this regard, GE Marquette (Milwaukee) is a manufacturer of automated ECG analysis systems that are broadly utilized. Additionally, this CardioSys Exercise Testing System helps the doctors to check and examine data from a patient undergoing testing actions. On the other hand, this device and the MAC 5000 Resting Test System, both have an integrated program called Marquette 12SL ECG analysis, which is a decision support system that employs recently built diagnostic program algorithms and digital processing methods to understand and categorize ECG waveforms (MDDI Online, 2000). ATL Ultrasound (Bothell, WA) has built and advertised a sequence of diagnostic ultrasound systems for the use of imaging and checking cardiac tissue structure and motion. Additionally, this system also employs an integrative intelligence algorithm to observe particular tissues by essentially optimizing numerous thousand factors throughout a patient check up, consequently removing unrelated frequencies in resulted waves. Furthermore, more than 10,000 systems are in use in hospitals and clinics worldwide (MDDI Online, 2000). A rule-based expert system ‘Perfex’ which is developed at Georgia Tech helps in the treatment of heart disease and is presently going through clinical assessment. Additionally, this system gathers the degree and strictness of coronary artery disease through myocardial perfusion imaging and generates a description that outlines the states of the three major arteries. In addition, Perfex was programmed through Blaze Software's (Mountain View, CA) Nexpert, which is an object-oriented development platform for the development of rule-based expert systems. Moreover, a lot of companies have developed ambulatory blood-pressure monitors such as Omron developed by Omron Healthcare Inc. (Vernon Hills, IL) and DynaPulse developed by Pulse Metric (San Diego), which employs AI techniques such as fuzzy-logic algorithms and pattern recognition to augment measurement accurateness (MDDI Online, 2000). Currently, Medical Automation Systems (Charlottesville, VA) and researchers at the University of Virginia Medical Center are working on the development of a system to help in early diagnosis of bacterial sepsis in newborn premature infants. In this regard, an AI technique of statistical analysis of heart rate inconsistency in ECG data determines irregular patterns that may aid in diagnosis of the disease 12 to 24 hours prior than is presently possible (MDDI Online, 2000). Da Vinci Surgical System By means of the most superior technology obtainable nowadays, the da-Vinci Surgical System facilitates surgeons to carry out delicate as well as complex operations in few minute incisions through augmented vision, accuracy, handiness as well as control. The da-Vinci Surgical System encompasses numerous main components, comprising an ergonomically designed framework where the surgeon sits as operating, four highly sophisticated interactive robotic arms, a patient-side cart where the patient positioned all through the surgery, a high-definition 3D vision arrangement, and proprietary EndoWrist instruments. Below given image demonstrates the overall scenario and arrangement of the operating and procedures used in this process. This is an overall working diagram of Operation Theater supported through AI based operation robot da Vinci Surgical System: (Intuitive Surgical, 2010) and (University of Southern California, 2010) Figure 1- Operation Theater -Source http://www.cts.usc.edu/rsi-davincisystem.html Da-Vinci is powered by modern robotic technology that permits the surgeon’s hand activities to be scaled, filtered as well as translated into accurate actions of the EndoWrist tool operational inside the patient’s body. The main components of Da-Vinci system will be discussed below: (University of Southern California, 2010) and (Intuitive Surgical, 2010) Surgeon Console The da-Vinci Surgical System offers the surgeon easiness with the help of screening a high definition, 3D illustration inside the patient’s body. The surgeon's handles grasp the main controls underneath the display via hands as well as wrists physically located relative to his or her eyes. The arrangement flawlessly converts the surgeon's wrist, hand as well as finger actions into exact, real-time actions of surgical instruments. Below given image demonstrates the Surgeon Console for da-Vinci Surgical System: (Intuitive Surgical, 2010) Figure 2- Surgeon Console for da-Vinci Surgical System- Source http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/products/davinci_surgical_system/ Patient-side Cart The patient-side cart is exact place where the patient is kept for overall surgery. It comprises either 3 or 4 robotic arms that perform the surgeon's commands. Additionally, the robotic arms stir around set revolve a point that saves the patient from unnecessary shocks, develops the more enhanced results, and augments general accuracy. The arrangement necessitates that each surgical plan remains under the straight management of the surgeon. Moreover, frequent safety verifications stop some self-governing movement of the tools or robotic arms. Below given image demonstrates the Patient-side Cart for da-Vinci Surgical System: (Intuitive Surgical, 2010) Figure 3- Patient-side Cart for da-Vinci Surgical System- Source http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/products/davinci_surgical_system/ EndoWrist Instruments This component of the da-Vinci Surgical System offers variety of EndoWrist tools to the surgeon during the operation. However, these tools are built with 7 degrees of movement and this movement is more than the human wrist. Additionally, every tool is used for a specific purpose or surgical assignment like that suturing, clamping and tissue treatment. Quick-release handles speed tool alters during surgery. Below is the example of the EndoWrist Instruments for da-Vinci Surgical System: (Intuitive Surgical, 2010) Figure 4- EndoWrist Instruments for da-Vinci Surgical System- Source http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/products/davinci_surgical_system/ Vision System The vision structure works through a high-definition, 3D endoscope (elastic tube having a camera as well as light at the tip) and image processing tools that offer true-to-life images of the patient’s body structure. Additionally, a vision of the operating sector is presented to the particular surgeon or overall team on a big viewing monitor (vision cart). This big and widescreen vision offers the surgical support at the patient’s side by means of a wider viewpoint as well as image of the procedure. Below is the image of Vision System for da-Vinci Surgical System: (Intuitive Surgical, 2010) Figure 5 -Vision System for da-Vinci Surgical System- Source http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/products/davinci_surgical_system/ Advantages The da-Vinci Surgical System decreases hospital’s expenditures by minimizing hospital cost just about 33%. These less days in the concentrated care division are an effect of less pain as well as faster recovery. Although the size of the device is yet not small enough intended for heart events in children, the plainly enveloping nature of da-Vinci does not leave a big surgical mark as well as yet has a number of partial applications in children intended for the time being. Furthermore, as stated by Intuitive Surgical, more than 80,000 out of 230,000 novel cases of prostate cancer experience surgery for the reason that of the elevated risk invasive surgery carries, involving that additional people can undergo surgery by means of this growing technology (Brown University, 2010). Disadvantages The major disadvantages to this technology are the sharp learning curve and very much cost of the device. Although Intuitive Surgical does offer a training program, it gets surgeons concerning 12-18 patients previous to they felt at ease in carrying out the procedure. One of the biggest problem facing surgeons who were trained on this machine was that they felt stuck through the loss of tangible, or haptic, feeling (capability to “feel” the tissue). The big floor-mounted patient-side cart restrictions the helper surgeon’s to contact to the patient. Though, there are as well a lot of who are not capable to way in the da Vinci foundation on the steep price (Brown University, 2010). Below given table demonstrates an overall analysis among the DaVinci, Laparoscopic and open surgery. It can be seen comprehensive advantage of the DaVinci systems over other arrangements. Figure 6 –Different surgeries analysis ---Source http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2005_Groups/04/davinci.html Costs The cost of this system was $1.5 million in 2004. Its manufacturer has overall sale for the 1st year of 2004 was $138.8 million (that was a 51 percent more than the earlier year) with a whole of $60 million in revenue (Brown University, 2010). Below given graph demonstrates the da Vinci Surgery program establishment at great scale at the metropolitan hospital in California illustrated a large number of innovative prostatectomy cases. In addition, to produce senior volume, this da-Vinci Surgery plan as well succeeded together open surgery as well as laparoscopy surgery: (Intuitive Surgical2, 2010) Figure 7 – Treatment Evolution Source http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/hospital-programs/success_stories.html Below given table shows a comparison of the da-Vinci Surgery plan with open surgery and laparoscopy surgery. This table also demonstrates the possible advantages of the da-Vinci Surgery plan over the other tow surgery arrangements: Figure 8- Comparison of Surgery Methods –Source: http://encounter.practisinc.com/davinci/hmedia/obgyn/images/treatment-comparison-chart.jpg This paper has presented a detailed analysis of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and AI supported technology for the medical areas. Artificial intelligence is an emerging field of science/engineering which deals with making intelligent machines. The use of AI is increasing in all the fields. This paper has discussed the use of AI in medical devices. This paper has discussed the importance of AI for the modern medical areas/devices. The basic aim of this research was to analyze one of the top AI based technology robot the da-Vinci Surgery for the medical surgery. This paper has outlined its working, components, advantages and disadvantages. References Berkeley, I. S. (1997). What is Artificial Intelligence? Retrieved January 27, 2011, from UL-Lafayette Computing Support Services: http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~isb9112/dept/phil341/wisai/WhatisAI.html Brown University. (2010). da Vinci® Surgical System. Retrieved January 27, 2011, from http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2005_Groups/04/davinci.html Copeland, J. (2000, May). What is Artificial Intelligence? Retrieved January 25, 2011, from AlanTuring.net : http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/What%20is%20AI.html Hamrita, T. (n.d.). What is Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved January 26, 2011, from http://interests.caes.uga.edu/eai/ai.html Intuitive Surgical. (2010). The da Vinci Surgical System . Retrieved January 28, 2011, from http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/products/davinci_surgical_system/ Intuitive Surgical2. (2010). Success Story. Retrieved January 26, 2011, from http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/hospital-programs/success_stories.html Kannan, P. V. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: Applications in healthcare. Retrieved January 24, 2011, from Asian Hospitals Health Management: http://www.asianhhm.com/equipment_devices/artificial-intelligence.htm McCarthy, J. (2001, February 21). What Is Artificial Intelligence? Retrieved January 28, 2011, from KurzWeilai.Net: http://www.kurzweilai.net/what-is-artificial-intelligence MDDI Online. (2000, March). Adding Intelligence to Medical Devices. Retrieved January 28, 2011, from http://www.mddionline.com/article/adding-intelligence-medical-devices ThinkQuest. (1997, June 21). An Introduction to the Science of Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved January 27, 2011, from ThinkQuest.org: http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/ University of Southern California. (2010). Robotic Surgery Institute. Retrieved January 29, 2011, from http://www.cts.usc.edu/rsi-davincisystem.html Read More