Air, Land and Water Pollution in Ranipet - Coursework Example

Pollution in Ranipet, India Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name Course Code and Name: University: Date Assignment is due: Pollution in Ranipet, India Introduction There are a lot environmental issues faced in the world today. Some of these issues have been around for many years, while others are becoming the paramount concern in the recent years. The problems are either reoccurring or new. When the topic on the environmental issue is brought forward, the first concern becomes environmental pollution. This includes water pollution, land pollution, and air pollution. Most of these problems are manmade and have substantial impacts the health of human beings and in sustainability of the environment. Land pollution results from farming that damages the soil. This includes the application of fertilizers, and other chemicals that damage the soils substance or make the soil infertile. Water pollution is brought about by the runoff from the land that is treated with pesticides and the chemicals, industrial waste that is spilt in the rivers, and in cutting down of trees. Air pollution results from smog found in concentrated chemicals released from industries, and global warming (Kumar & Managi 2009, p. 65). India is amid the top states in the world that are experiencing the damage that is caused by environmental pollution. The country is faced by water pollution, air pollution wildlife and natural habitat pollution, and garbage pollution, among many others. The major sources of environmental pollution in India, include burning of fuel and biomass, as a source of energy, inadequate organization in garbage and waste disposal, lack of sewage drainage systems, diversion of consumers and industrial waste into the rivers, and also cremation services that are done close to the rivers. Other forms of pollution in the country include those of humans by other humans. This is mostly experienced in the food processing industries where the foods are hydrogenated oils in preservations. This causes a serious health risk that perhaps may not be seen in the short term but in the long run brings health issue like cancer, hypertension etc. Pollution remains the main challenge and opportunity in the country. Some environmentalists believe that economic development policies in the country are the key drive towards the practices that pose risks to the environment. Some argue that the growing population and poverty are the prime causes of the degradation. These ideas and arguments have been criticizes by international environmentalists in the sense that some countries like Japan and Singapore are overpopulated, yet they enjoy the benefits of environmental quality (Bulkeley & Betsil 2003, p. 118). Ranipet, India This is a suburb town located in the southern India, and an industrial hub of Vellore in the state of Tamil Nadu. The town is located at a distance of around 21 kilometers from Vellore and 100 Kilometers from the famous Chennai. Ranipet is a key industrial town in the Bangalore-Chennai highway. It is located on the northern bank of river Palar. As of census carried out in 2001, the population of the city was 47300. The city has several large and medium scale leather firms, which manufacture both finished leather and leather products such as clothes and shoes. Other existing industries in the city specialize in chemicals, tool making and leather. There is an average of 240 tanneries in the city. In addition, other industries deal with the manufacture of ceramics, chromium chemicals, boiler plants, and refractory. A report by the Blacksmith Institute on the World’ Most Polluted Places: The Top Ten, 2006, rated the city among the top ten dirtiest and most polluted industrial towns in the world. The results revealed that the surface water in the city was highly contaminated with toxic chemicals like copper, nickel, chromium, lead and zinc. Environmentalists viewed the high concentration of chemicals, as beyond the permissible limits (Elkins 2000, p. 123). The chemicals are a health hazard especially to the laborers in the industries and those that depend on the water. It was observed that, most people in the city suffered from occupational ailments and were seriously affected by chromium ulcers, asthma, and skin diseases. Although Ranipet is a small town, its environmental issue also poses a significant health risk to the population of the people who live in the nearby Vellore (Haque 2000, p. 96). Soil Pollution in Ranipet The rapid growth in industrialization, in the city has led to the increased levels of pollution resulting into the disposal, and enrichment of heavy and toxic metals in the oil. The city is covered with crystalline rock of Archean. The major composites of the soil are granite, granitoid gneiss, and hornblende gneiss. Environmental studies carried out in the city, to find out the extent and effect of the soil pollution, revealed remarkably high concentrations of heavy and toxic metals in the soil. In the study, by Black Smith Institute, 49 soil samples were tested from different areas in the city. The results revealed that the soil had high compositions of Ba ranges, Chromium, Copper, Sodium Chlorate, Vermicompost, and Zinc. This exceeded the Canadian Soil quality Guidelines and was announced as a health risk. Villages like Vanapadi, Vannivedu, and Kannikapuram, which are located near the major industries in the city, and depend mainly on agricultural activities, are affected by the waste (Dobson 1998, p. 53). From experiments, the chemical reduce the biomass of any vegetation on the soil. The Vermicompost, may at one time improve the biomass of the plants, bit the accumulation of the Chromium overcomes it. The continued increase in Chromium from the industries has led to 100% pollution in the soil, leading to a complete reduction of biomass. Agriculture in the area is adversely affected, and no production gained. The Chromium and other heavy metals have catalyzed biogeochemical mechanisms in the soils leaving them infertile. The ecosystem, mainly the trees and vegetation, are affected by the accumulation of the bio chemicals and the biomagnifications processes, which are potential risks to the environment and to the health of human beings. The farmers have resulted into working in the industries. The little harvest that is collected is contaminated by most of these chemical. Consumption of these foods has posed a health risk to the population. The effects of pollution on the oil have led to the country dependency on imported foodstuff that mostly undergoes a lot of food processing for preservation. This is also a risk, especially to the young ones, and the elderly, who do not have the capacity to neutralize such chemicals in their immune systems. As a result, the country is experiencing so many ailments resulting from poor consumption methods and deaths (Lange and Meier 2009, p. 195). Water pollution in Ranipet Water pollution in the city is classified into surface and underground pollution. The surface water pollution is caused by the disposal of tannery waste form the industries. The waste contains composites of azodyes, and hexavalent chromium. Over 1.5 Million tones of solid waste are accumulated on the surface and main rivers across the city. The contamination of the soil leads to contamination and pollution of the underground waters. The residents depend on tapped water, rivers and from community boreholes. The water is contaminated from the acid and chemicals released from the industries. The rainwater mostly falls in acid form from the chemicals released on the air and from the evaporation of the soluble chemicals (Kumar & Managi 2009, p.153). The contamination of the underground and surface water, as well as form the runoff from the solid disposals, has led to negative effects on the health, natural resources, and the livelihoods of people who use the water. There is a widespread threat, that if the water pollution is not closely checked, the palar basin that is the main water source in the region could also be contaminated. Indian farmers across the city and those who depend on the rivers that pass through the city claim that the toxic water from the tanneries degrades the fertility of the soil. The farmers say that invariably, only one among five crops planted dos well. The residents also complain of the foul smells that are in the drainage systems of the city due to the decomposition of the waste (Moli 2003, p. 183). Environmental Decisions to change, which will lead in the end to sustainability Environmental sustainability is an enormous challenge in Ranipet, as well as the whole of the country. Sustainability in environment means acquiring a balance between the human, economic growth and development and environmental protection. It means equity in environmental promotion and in human development. India has for a long time been faced by the issue of striking a balance between environmental sustainability and eradication of poverty. Analysts argue that the efforts to have a sustainable environment may lead to an increase in the poverty levels, in the country. In Ranipet, for example, more than 45% of the people live below the poverty line. Most of the residents are casual laborers in the industries. The government has well established laws on environmental regulation, but on implementing them, more people may be left jobless and poor. According to statistics collection and environment appraisal studies of World Bank experts, India has made crucial development and is making fast progress in addressing its environmental issues and humanizing its environmental value. However, India has a lengthy way to go to achieve environmental quality close to those enjoyed in developed nations. 1. Changing Unsustainable Patterns of Consumption and Production As India continues to strategize on economic development, it has choices on how to achieve the sustainable development objectives. The environmental aspect is among these objectives. The state of the environment pollution in Ranipet may seem to affect the people that reside in the city, but it is a matter of concern to the whole country and to the globe. India is prospected to have a GDP growth of USD 4 trillion and a population growth of 1.5 billion, by 2030. In order to achieve this, sustainable measures on how to deal with the pollution in the major cities, have to be implemented. The fundamental measures that Ranipet needs to adapt in environmental sustainability are those that are endowed in the environmental carrying capacity and the eco-improvement and efficiency. A sustainable change and development of the behavior of the people in an effort to attain a sustainable environment would involve five steps. First, there should be a broad overlook and overview of the current situation and condition of pollution in the city (Chengappa et al. 2007, p. 652). For the environment to be sustainable, the society requires not to, limits the level of pollution in the city, but finds methods intended to improve the eco-efficiency of the whole society. The most fundamental measure in dealing with the environmental issue faced in the city is by distinguishing the pollution control measures from the more fundamental eco-efficiency measures. Secondly, a discussion on the theoretical underpinnings of the causes of pollution and the effects of improving the eco-efficiency should be carried out. While the convectional environmental approach has been focused mostly in regulating, pollution in the city, the discharge results, mainly on the production and industrial processes, which add more, pressure the environment. While measures to increase on the individual incomes of the people living in the city are necessary, they seem to have a detrimental effect on the eco-efficiency measures of environmental sustainability. Thirdly, individual and collective measures adapted in other economies and industrial states should be assessed to pursue a micro sustainable development. Initiatives on a good foundation on the principles to be adapted to attain a proper growth and sustainable environment should follow. Finally, (Fifth concept), the government should focus on the way forward or set out policies on the implementation of the developed strategies to sustainable environmental development. Following are the measures that should be discussed for environmental sustainability in the city (Elkins 2000, p. 189). 2. Poverty Eradication measures and sustainable livelihoods Poverty eradication may involve the use of the latest technology in production. The industries should implement the use of modernized means of production and offer better payments for labor. Not all the technology and awareness know how would be resourceful, without the implementation of set policies. In many ways, Ranipet should be balanced for a valuable environmental control program. According to the World Bank, the country has a strong environmental policy, and a well legislative framework that defends its environmental policies. India’s prosperity is leading to an increased demand for better and quality environment. The only problem with handling the environmental issue is on the implementation of the policies that regulate the environment preservations (World Bank 2008, P. 62). Most of industries are privatized, and this limits the implementation of the policies. The government has little authority on the management of the environmental rules in the industries. The first level to the pollution problem in the city is local awareness and civic education. The question here is whether the human activities maintain and enhance the depletion and the degradation of the environment. In this case, the answer is yes. The next step would be if the residents are aware of the negative effects of their practices to the environment. Most residents of the city are ignorant and lack awareness on the environmental problems that are in the city. The people pretend to live a normal life, but the problems that the environment if posing on their health and life are more conspicuous. No fundamental decision can be made, either by the authorities or by the Government, without educating the residents on the dangers that the environmental problem has on their health. Grassroots knowledge is crucial for the decision-making procedure on the issue of environment. There is increased tension on the demand for environmental protection and lack of implementation of the policies. The World Bank sees a growing dissatisfaction with how the state manages the policy implementation. Much of the problems with promoting sustainable environment are related to the weak implementation of the laws (Bulkeley & Betsil 2003, p. 75). The people and the corporate management lack the awareness of environmental laws, in Ranipet. The people should be made conscious of the health hazards and threats that are related to the disposal of the heavy and toxic chemicals that are disposed all over the city. The education programs on the environmental hazards and the sustainable measures to acquire a better environment should be taught in schools and other public areas. Penalties for environmental ignorance should be imposed on those that are found disposing the harmful chemicals. The dependency on the casual work and labor in the industries can be resolved. The Government needs to implement policies on the work force and the working conditions that are in the industries. Most of the workers do not use protective gear, and this subjects them to health risks. In dealing with this situation, a groundbreaking task has been conducted at four different industrial sites near Ranipet Industrial area to account on the amounts of trace ions in the soil. The quantities of some metals were exorbitantly high. This knowledge was passed to the residents in the area in an effort to improve on their awareness on the existence of the harmful substances on the soil. 3. Protecting and organization of the Natural Resource as Base of Economic and Social Development The solution to the environmental issue faced in the city lies on the poor policies in the decomposing and spillage of the chemicals. The industries are at freedom to spill and release the dangerous gases and chemicals anywhere. The government and the environmental management have not been active in solving this problem. This has resulted into the contamination of water and soil that has affected the health lives of many residents. There lacks proper regulatory measures, and policies on getting rid of the waste: this has led to the careless dumping and run offs into the rivers (Moli 2003, p. 196). Recycling is one of the policies that can be used in solving this problem. Some of the chemical that are wasted can be recycled or compounded with other chemicals to neutralize their composition. Metals like copper and Zinc can be recycled to form other compounds that can be used in industrial production and boost the economy of the state. By recycling, the use of natural resources is minimized, and the economy is boosted. The governments should come up with regulatory measures and law that govern waste management. This involves setting penalties and criminal procedures for those found guilty of land and water pollution. All spillages to the rivers and drainages should be blocked, and an underground decomposing site be created. This is in an effort to reduce the surface and underground water pollution and in preventing the top soil that is used for agriculture from being contaminated. The Indian Government can adapt the strategy used in Japan in disposing toxic waste. Such policies include use of landfill waste management, where the land filling of all hazardous chemicals is carried out at isolated areas from public, and from water surfaces. Certain chemicals can be incinerated to reduce their harm before disposal. This produces plastic material that can be used for extra economic activities. The government should also make decisions on the classification of these landfills depending on the level of toxics of chemicals, and maintain on their operations and maintenance (Feller 2003, p. 106). Most of the industries should be publicized in order to reduce the exploitation on the disposal of waste. By publicizing the industries, the regulatory measures implemented would become easy to follow. In addition to the landfills, an approval system should be established on the detoxification process of the waste with the use of the latest technology. With the use of the advanced technology on detoxification, the waste is subjected to extremely high a temperature that leads to a melting procedure. Such waste is recycled or developed into safe and smooth asbestos that are comprehensible to dispose and are less harmful. Cost leadership, is another policy that if applied in the city, promises sustainable development in environment. Cost leadership involves how the approaches and the methods used in sustainable development can reduce the amounts that are used during production. Most of the industries in the city do not put into consideration the effects that leadership, could have on solving the environmental problem. The theory behind this strategy is on reduction of costs of production, so that the industry can sell its product at cheaper prices. The government of India has this policy on the structure of environmental sustainability. This policy can be implemented to promote the methods of disposal of the toxic substances. The strategy can be implemented in promoting the drainage systems of the industries. Drainage is the key issue affecting the city in terms of disposal. Silt and dangerous compounds from the chemicals cover most of the rivers. A clean up policy on the main drainage systems and the rivers that act as composite sites for the industries is a solution to the problem (Shukla 2003, p. 149) The government should come up with projects on cleaning up the rivers. By doing this, the residents of the city are able to access clean water and the inhaling of the harmful gases that a result form the reaction of the chemicals in water reduced. The clean up policy also protects those people in the neighboring cities that depend on the waters that pass across the town. This will boost agricultural process in terms of clean and uncontaminated irrigation water. This will solve the problems like food contamination that are related to the use of the contaminated water. Forestation and plantation of vegetation on the damaged agricultural land, follows as another policy in sustainable development. Planting of trees in the eroded and contaminated soils improves the fertility of the soil. 4. Promotion of Health towards Sustainable environment Development Human health is a broad concept that includes the physical, mental, and spiritual well-being sense. A great extent of human health is dependant of the conditions of the environment. The conditions of the environment contribute to the health of the citizens. For a healthy and productive life, everyone should have a physical and economic access to a clean environment. Health sustainability can be achieved through the eco-efficiency programs. Eco-efficiency check up programs should be implemented before making decisions on a sustainable solution to the environmental pollution faced in the city. These programs should be conducted specifically on the small industries and small market enterprises. The purpose of such programs is to have an assessment of the cost benefit analysis of the industries in relation to the environmental degradation (Hibbard 2004, p. 232). An industry may be adding on the gross domestic product of the state from taxes, and incomes that the government collects from them, yet they are pose a significant threat to the health of many citizens or are more disadvantageous when their contribution to the environmental sustainability is assessed. The government should consider closing or dislocating such industries to other areas. The test on the eco-efficiency should be conducted on the ecology, efficiency, and the economic advantage. Such a decision, will promote a decrease on the pollution of the small companies that are not environmental friendly or add less to the upgrading and sustainability of the situation (Dobson 1998, p. 132). One essential elements of the eco-efficiency assessment is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The latter analyses the impacts and effects of the various actions and policies that the government intends to implement on the environment. At the heart of the EIA, is the participation of the public. There is a belief that the local people know their needs and interests, in understanding the impact that the environmental degradation has on their wellbeing and their life. With its established democratic transitions, India seems poised to enact the rules of EIA. The only limitation to this is lack of local and public participation. There needs to be a public campaign program on the EIA and the benefits accrued with improvements in the conditions of the environment in the country. In addition, the country short-term economic growth depends on the ineffective enforcement of the local environmental laws. Therefore, in practice, the economic growth prospects trump the implementation of the environmental progress (World Bank 2008, p. 93). For a sustainable environment measures to be implemented in the country, and in Ranipet in particular, litigation should be stopped. The inability of the government to enforce the environmental policy on sustainability, has led to the use of litigation as the prime solution to the law adherence. In most industrial countries, litigation and the use of judicial procedures in solving environmental concerns, has been seen to be the last result. Contrary, in India, the perceived inability due to lack of a political will of the environmental regulatory agency to enforce the rules, has led to litigation as the primary means of enforcement. To achieve a sustainable development, the courts should be limited on the power to judge or rule on any environmental concern. The issues related to the environmental degradation should have their own set rules and heard in different judicial settings. Such should include the National Environment and Management Authority (NEMA). By adopting such agencies, the Government will shift its power on implementation. Such an agency is bale to change the perception in India that poverty is the prime cause of environmental degradation. The policies that NEMA advocates for will act as diversion points on this perception (Chandra 2004, p. 106). NEMA advocates for globalization, which spurs pressure from the international community to improve on the environmental standards. Means of implementation Sustainability requires a lot of financing form the government. This is in the effort to implement the existing policies, formation of new policies and to implement the methods. Financing can be through local means or though international aids and grants. Local and international trade for the industrial output promotion can be done through international integration, o as to accumulate more funds. Technological development is another key measure that if introduced, can solve the situation. The use of modern machinery that reduces the emission of toxic gases and chemical should be promoted. The machines used should be suitable for recycling processes in order to reduce the wastage. Basic education on science and health also leads to sustainability in the city. This can be done through educational programs, and campaigns on sustainability and the benefit that accrue to charitable environment. Adequate resources to support the education are therefore essential. By these programs, the methods of poverty alienation are promoted, and the people are trained on how to develop sustainable environmental initiatives (Dobson 1998, p. 83). Governance on sustainable environment should be promoted at the local, national and international levels. The use of local courts in establishing measures to promote sustainability should be abolished. The laws should be placed at the state level and implemented at all the sectors. Ares that lack the policies should be identified and adequate measures that are attuned with the imperatives of sustainable development framed. Globalization is another factor that should be considered for sustainability. By Globalization, the measures are steered so that they serve the social needs, and the commercial aspects of development. This would promote the poverty alleviation measures as wee as create a balance for economic development and environmental sustainability (Hibbard 2004, p. 182). Conclusion Most developing countries that are dependent on industrial production are on the record of environmental degradation. Ranipet is just one among the many cities in the world, faced by the problem of environmental degradation. This has ruined the health of many people who live close to the industries and to the casual workers in these industries. The government of India is faced by a controversy between environmental sustainability and the eradication of poverty in the country. By improving the environmental standards, the country risks the increment of the poverty levels. In making decisions for policies that should be implemented in improving the environment, the Government of India should impose obligations that improve the welfare of the citizens. The environmental decisions that are required in India lie on the implementation of the policy rules set by the Government. The Government established the policy measures intended to improve the conditions of the environment, but there lacks proper measures on the implementation procedures. The industries are privately owned, therefore there lacks proper procedures in implementing the policies. The long-term effect of industrialization, exploitation, and environmental damage can be hard to be wished away. The only correct thing to do is to develop a new century that is more conscious of the long-term effects of industrialization. Bibliography Bulkeley, H & Betsil, MM 2003, Cities and Climate Change: Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance, Routledge, London. Chandra, R 2004, Social Development in India: Ecology, environment, and sustainable development, Vol. 8, Gyan Publishing House, Gemini. Chengappa, PG, Nagraj, N, Kanwar, R & Institute for Social and economic change 2007, International Conference on 21st Century Challenges to Sustainable Agri-Food Systems: Biotechnology, Environment, Nutrition, Trade and Policy, 15th-17th March, 2007, I. K. International Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. Dobson, A 1998, Justice and the Environment: Conceptions of Environmental Sustainability and Theories of Distributive Justice. Oxford University Press, New York. Elkins, P 2000, Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: The Prospects for Green Growth, Routledge, London. Feller, G 2003, “Biotech Industry Grows in India”, Research Technology Management, Vol. 46, No. 5, .p. 94-125. Haque, MS 2000, “Environmental Discourse and Sustainable Development: Linkage and Limitations”, Ethics and the Environment, Vol. 5, No. 2, P. 65-216. Hibbard, M 2004, “Deforestation , Environment, and Sustainable Development: A Comparative Analysis”, Journal of the Community Development Society, Vol. 34, No. 5 P. 165-230. Kumar, S & Managi, S 2009, The Economics of Sustainable Development: The case of India, Springer, New York. Lange, H & Meier, L 2009, The New Middle Classes: Globalizing Lifestyles, Consumerism and Environmental Concern, Springer, New York. Moli, GP 2003, Promotion of Peace and Sustainability by Community Based Heritage Eco-Cultural Tourism in India. International Journal for Humanities and Peace, Vol. 19 (3). P. 65-236 Shukla, PR 2003, Climate Change and India: Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation, University Press, New York. World Bank 2008, Environmental Sustainability:An Evaluation of World Bank Group Support, World Bank Publications, New York. Read More

Other existing industries in the city specialize in chemicals, tool making and leather. There is an average of 240 tanneries in the city. In addition, other industries deal with the manufacture of ceramics, chromium chemicals, boiler plants, and refractory. A report by the Blacksmith Institute on the World’ Most Polluted Places: The Top Ten, 2006, rated the city among the top ten dirtiest and most polluted industrial towns in the world. The results revealed that the surface water in the city was highly contaminated with toxic chemicals like copper, nickel, chromium, lead and zinc.

Environmentalists viewed the high concentration of chemicals, as beyond the permissible limits (Elkins 2000, p. 123). The chemicals are a health hazard especially to the laborers in the industries and those that depend on the water. It was observed that, most people in the city suffered from occupational ailments and were seriously affected by chromium ulcers, asthma, and skin diseases. Although Ranipet is a small town, its environmental issue also poses a significant health risk to the population of the people who live in the nearby Vellore (Haque 2000, p. 96). Soil Pollution in Ranipet The rapid growth in industrialization, in the city has led to the increased levels of pollution resulting into the disposal, and enrichment of heavy and toxic metals in the oil.

The city is covered with crystalline rock of Archean. The major composites of the soil are granite, granitoid gneiss, and hornblende gneiss. Environmental studies carried out in the city, to find out the extent and effect of the soil pollution, revealed remarkably high concentrations of heavy and toxic metals in the soil. In the study, by Black Smith Institute, 49 soil samples were tested from different areas in the city. The results revealed that the soil had high compositions of Ba ranges, Chromium, Copper, Sodium Chlorate, Vermicompost, and Zinc.

This exceeded the Canadian Soil quality Guidelines and was announced as a health risk. Villages like Vanapadi, Vannivedu, and Kannikapuram, which are located near the major industries in the city, and depend mainly on agricultural activities, are affected by the waste (Dobson 1998, p. 53). From experiments, the chemical reduce the biomass of any vegetation on the soil. The Vermicompost, may at one time improve the biomass of the plants, bit the accumulation of the Chromium overcomes it. The continued increase in Chromium from the industries has led to 100% pollution in the soil, leading to a complete reduction of biomass.

Agriculture in the area is adversely affected, and no production gained. The Chromium and other heavy metals have catalyzed biogeochemical mechanisms in the soils leaving them infertile. The ecosystem, mainly the trees and vegetation, are affected by the accumulation of the bio chemicals and the biomagnifications processes, which are potential risks to the environment and to the health of human beings. The farmers have resulted into working in the industries. The little harvest that is collected is contaminated by most of these chemical.

Consumption of these foods has posed a health risk to the population. The effects of pollution on the oil have led to the country dependency on imported foodstuff that mostly undergoes a lot of food processing for preservation. This is also a risk, especially to the young ones, and the elderly, who do not have the capacity to neutralize such chemicals in their immune systems. As a result, the country is experiencing so many ailments resulting from poor consumption methods and deaths (Lange and Meier 2009, p. 195). Water pollution in Ranipet Water pollution in the city is classified into surface and underground pollution.

The surface water pollution is caused by the disposal of tannery waste form the industries. The waste contains composites of azodyes, and hexavalent chromium. Over 1.5 Million tones of solid waste are accumulated on the surface and main rivers across the city. The contamination of the soil leads to contamination and pollution of the underground waters.

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