Computers Supplied to Students Engaged in Higher Education - Term Paper Example

A case study of the disposal and recycling of laptop computers supplied to students engaged in higher education in Muscat, Oman Name Institution Name Course Name and Code Date Abstract Technological advancement has resulted in the production of e-waste, and strategies are produced to determine the disposal, recycling and recovering associated with these products. Different proposals and strategies exist, but the situation and context of the laptops are a different cause. The Government of Oman issued computers to the society beginning 2011, and since the lifespan of most laptops is three years, appropriate disposal measures should be integrated into the system. More than 52,000 laptops and accessories have been issued and managing the wastes from these laptops are integral to determining the efficiency of the entire program. The government has engaged different stakeholders in creating the platform and frameworks to advance waste management. For example, engaging the manufacturers is one strategy of understanding the components that make up laptops and incorporating the world view of waste management is another strategy. In incorporating these strategies, the government, and other stakeholders ensure the wastes are disposed of accordingly. In accomplishing the waste management strategy, different factors have to be considered. For example, the economic and social benefits of the processes, and the impact of different chemicals that make up the laptops. In considering this perspective, it enables identification of an appropriate strategy to ensure the environment and people are not affected. Other processes such as life cycle assessment and material analysis are important in ensuring the appropriate strategies are formulated and implemented. General Introduction The world is changing, and technology is defining the future of the world (Dodson et al. 2012). Different products ranging from mobile phones to cars are based on technology, and the frequent changes have resulted in e-waste products. The technological changes are premised on the changing needs and requirements of the users and people. The technological advancement forces companies to incorporate newer and unique features to their products and services (Dwivedy and Mittal, 2010). For example, a compare becomes obsolete after three years because of the fast development in the computer industry. Consumers are forced to acquire newer brands to complement the changing technological products and services (Manomaivibool, 2009). Hence, consumers will continue changing electronic products because of the changing contents of these products (Agamuthu and Victor, 2011). Through the process, wastes are generated that affects the environment and people involved. It is imperative to note the problems associated with technology and development. Inappropriate disposal of the e-waste affects the environment, and it is important to incorporate effective disposal, recycling, and recovering strategies (Terazono et al. 2006). However, the development of the recycling industry is still low, but the solution is continuous development and provision of appropriate frameworks to improve the processes (Murugesan, 2008). The laptops and computers have different chemical components including metals and plastic, and embracing a single strategy of recycling is appropriate (Gibson and Tierney, 2006). Hence, a collective strategy has to be employed in ensuring the society is protected and also the environment. The Oman Government decided to improve information technology awareness through the provision of appropriate resources and infrastructure. The government started distributing computers and laptops to higher educational institutions and engaged with different stakeholders in ensuring the users can utilize the computers and laptops effectively. The computers which are more than 50,000 would affect the environment, and effective disposal strategy should exist. The paper discusses the waste management process in the Oman region. In addresses, the background of the problem identifies measures and benefits of the program. In addition, the byproducts are analyzed and the entire supply chain in producing the computers and laptops, and utilizing these components within the learning institution. The roles of different stakeholders are discussed to elicit debate to advance waste management strategies. Literature Review I. Background Background of the Program Through the Information Technology Authority, the government continues to provide laptops to the educational fraternity. Commonly known as Digital Society Development Division, the National PC Initiative (NPC) was launched in January 2011. According to E-Oman (2012), laptops are distributed to higher education students, teachers who have received government certification and families of social insurance (E-Oman, 2012). The strategy is also to provide Internet services, which is supported by Omantel Telecommunication. According to the available statistics as of 2012, 52,000 laptops have been distributed, and more than 36,000 people have also benefited from the Internet program. In addition, training and provision of information on the use of laptops and general maintenance are important, and the government institutions continue to improve the distribution of laptops. The distribution of the laptops is done through the Excellencies the Walis and Ministry of Social Development in distributing the laptops to social insurance families. The distribution is possible through the 35 points in supply the social insurance families. In the case of the universities and faculties, the Unified Admission Centre has created more than 30 areas in which the laptops are distributed (E-Oman, 2012). In addition, engagement with different stakeholders including Bahwan IT Company has agreed to improve the distribution strategy through creating additional distribution centers while the authorized companies offering the laptop models have also been engaged. Therefore, numerous strategies have been employed in fulfilling the strategic objectives of the program (Herat and Agamuthu, 2012). Consequence of the Program Laptops similar to other technological products become obsolete within six months since buying, and most consumers acquire new laptops after three years (Chancerel and Rotter 2009; Chancerel, 2010). The program started in 2011 meaning the program has lasted five years, and most of the laptops have become obsolete. The more than 52,000 laptops issued including the supporting accessories such as batteries and chargers require effective disposal and recycling strategies. In understanding the appropriate disposal strategy, it is important to identify the chemical components of e-waste, especially from the laptops. Laptops have numerous toxic materials that are dangerous to the environment and users. Mercury, heavy metal, is used in making LCD screens while lead is used to strengthen the laptop (Yu et al. 2010). Cadmium is used in the production of batteries, and it has been associated with causing cancer in humans (Chi et al. 2011). Beryllium is found in the motherboards, and it is associated with lung cancer because of its carcinogen nature (Man, Naidu and Wong, 2013). Chromium is used to protect the laptop from corrosion, and contact to the chemical results in skin reactions includes causing kidney and liver damage. Antimony causes gastrointestinal disorders while arsenic is a carcinogen in nature (Sakai et al. 2011). Brominated is used as flame retardants and used in a plastic casing, cables, and circuit board while polyvinyl chloride is used in connectors and casing (Dwivedy and Mittal, 2012). Burning any of these materials emits some form of chemical, which collects in the environment resulting in additional complications. These chemicals affect the environment and socioeconomic development, and it is important to disposal laptops approximately (Khan et al. 2014). Identification of the chemicals in the laptop is one thing and disposing of these laptops appropriately is another thing. The Oman government and other stakeholders have to identify the chain of the laptop including the end of use management (Umesi and Onyia, 2008). Oman government lack an appropriate framework for dealing with the end of life laptops, and presenting a clear framework is crucial to the effectiveness of the management process (Oguchi et al. 2012). The continuous support of the program by the Oman Government will also result in an increase in laptop waste, which has a direct effect on the environment (Marwede et al. 2013). The effect should not be viewed from the perspective of wastes alone but the energy requirements and needs. Disposal of the wastes is one strategy, but it is important to determine alternative strategies that generate benefits from the use of end of life products. Rather than disposing of the laptops, it is important to consider recycling and recovering some components and accessories of the laptops (Buchert et al. 2012). In most cases, the byproducts of laptops are metal and plastics but come in different forms. Separating these different parts is important resulting in a grouping of the metal parts and plastics parts to enable recycling and recovering. For example, the connection parts are made of copper wires and recycling these materials enables the use of them in other laptops (Robinson, 2009). Hence, recycling and recovering should be viewed as the best waste management strategies. It is also important to think about alternative sources of raw materials and capitalizing on the supply chain to improve efficiency and to support environmental protection strategies (Yoshida, Tasaki and Terazono, 2007). A cumulative strategy should be employed in addressing the different environmental impacts of environmental protection. Hence, categorizing the waste management issues and significance of laptops to the society are integral in determining the effective environmental sustainability measures. II. Global and Local Magnitude of Computers Waste and Laptop Computers Waste The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States of America carried out a study to determine consumer behaviors when it comes to electronic waste. Some of the information gathered included disposal, use, collection, sales, and storage of laptops. Through reviewing the data, 47.4 million laptops required ‘end-of-life’ management. In addition, 18 million laptops were recycled while 29.4 laptops were disposed of. III. Components of Computers Wastes and Components of Laptop Computers Waste Different components from the waste that originates from the laptops, affects the environment differently (Khaliq et al. 2014). The waste can be viewed from different perspectives, which include the plastic, metal, and chemicals (Pérez-Belis, Bovea and Ibáñez-Forés, 2015). Some of these products are easily recycled and recovered such as the plastic and metal parts. However, emissions can occur when dealing with the chemical component of the waste (Li et al. 2013). Hence, it is important to classify the different components and accessories before determining the appropriate disposal, recycling, and recovering processes (Oteng-Ababio, 2010). IV. Impact of Computers Waste and Laptop Computers Waste on Health and Environment The laptops and computers affect the environment different depending on the emissions and byproducts (Wath et al.2010). For example, the use of energy affects the environment since the source of the energy may be fossil fuels, which are unfriendly to the environment (Akcil et al., 2015). The component that forms the computers and laptops also affects the environment through emissions and addressing the components (Osibanjo and Nnorom, 2007). For example, the copper wires and plastic parts affect the environment through emissions. In addition, the traditional approach of landfills is inappropriate in situations whereby the amount of waste are increasing (Williams et al. 2008). Hence, every process of the use and disposal of computers and laptops negates the environment. V. The Economic and Benefits of Computers Waste and Laptop Wastes Recycling and recovering have both economic and social benefits (Kahhat et al. 2008). For example, employment is created through seeking the services of logistic companies and the actual persons dismantling the computers/laptops. The accessories and components of the computers/laptops can be used to create new laptops, which are cheaper compared with seeking new raw materials (Kahhat and Williams, 2009). Addressing the wastes reduces impact to the environment, which also contributes to additional benefits (Namias, 2013). Hence, recycling and recovering of laptop wastes and computer wastes are important in advancing the socioeconomic requirements (Lim and Schoenung 2010). VI. Intervention, Prevention, and Control at Local and Global Level: Survey of Regional and International Status Different stakeholders are involved in ensuring the environment is protected against the computer and laptops waste. The local institutions including the government and producers of the laptops/computers should participate in creating modalities and measures to protect the environment. The manufacturers of the laptops/computers have presented their views and strategies of addressing the problem through recycling and recovering measures (Kiddee, Naidu and Wong, 2013). The government, on the other hand, should institute measures to continue support environmental conscious decisions (Nnorom et al. 2010). It includes the provision of licenses and permits for the recovering and recycling companies and creating a conducive environment to support the waste management requirements (Wath, Dutt and Chakrabarti, 2011). There is a worldwide consensus that environmental protection against e-waste should be capitalized, and the ideology is picking across the world (Zeng et al. 2015). Problems of global warming and climate change are sometimes attributed to the disposal of waste and addressing waste management is important in determining the future of laptops and computers management (Lau, Chung and Zhang, 2013). VII. Management Approaches of Computers Waste and Laptop Wastes The problem of computers waste and laptop wastes is a major issue, and a collective management approach should be advanced (Wang and Xu, 2014). The collective approach is bringing together the different stakeholders and agreeing on a framework to advance the requirements of management (Steubing et al. 2010). It includes identification of the problem and proposing measures to address the problem. The implementation team should own the processes and create measures to ensure the objectives are achieved (Kolias, Hahladakis and Gidarakos, 2014). A collective approach to management is important because it enables collaboration and support towards addressing the problem. Allowing different stakeholders to take a divergent view is inappropriate in addressing a common problem (Ongondo, Williams and Cherrett, 2011). The government and manufacturers of the laptops and computers should play the important role of determining the strategies to recycle the laptops and computers. In addition, the existence of a clear framework is crucial in appreciating the appropriate framework that has to be followed (Oguchi, Sakanakura and Terazono, 2013). The importance of the framework is to ensure each stakeholder understand their respective roles in achieving organizational and operational requirements. Identification of roles and assigning duties based on the roles improves the efficiency and effectiveness of addressing the problem of laptop wastes (Araújo et al. 2012). Hence, incorporating the different stakeholders is crucial in arriving at an appropriate framework to support the requirements of environmental sustainability through addressing laptop and computers wastes (Bandyopadhyay, 2008). VIII. Treatment Methods of Computers Waste and Laptop Wastes a. Life Cycle Assessment Life cycle assessment is a procedure use to assess the environmental impact of a laptop or computer from the raw materials until the end of life of the product (Chancerel et al. 2009). Other processes include distribution, manufacture and materials processing (Nnorom, Osibanjo and Ogwuegbu, 2011). Understanding the phases of a product enables identification of appropriate protection and safety measures. For example, it identifies areas, which are more sensitive and corrective measures may be employed (Pinto, 2008). The life cycle assessment of the laptops is important in creating a framework to ensure the environment is protected from the disposal or discarding of the laptops (Song, Wang and Li, 2012). b. Material Criteria Analysis It enables understanding of the nature and content of materials used in the production of the laptops and defines the appropriate strategy to dispose of the laptop components (Ladou and Lovegrove, 2008). For example, the plastic parts can be melted and reused in producing other products including plastic bottles (Fan et al. 2013). Understanding the chemical compensation of the material enables incorporating measures to protect the environment against any emission. c. Extended Producer Responsibility The producers also should play a crucial role in addressing the requirements of sustaining the environment (Yoshida, Tasaki and Terazono, 2009). 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