The Setup of the Oscilloscope - Essay Example

Lab 2

Conclusion

This lab experiment goal was met, and it made it possible to understand how to set up the oscilloscope to get the I-V characteristics for open-circuit, short-circuit, and two terminal devices. It is essential to study and learn the I-V characteristics for different two terminal devices, also how react to heat and light for some of those two terminal devices.

I had some difficulties with the format of the lab report.  Also, I did not understand if it was needed to explain all the graphs of the two terminal devices, or to choose 2-3 to describe them.

Lab 3

Conclusion

This lab experiment goal was achieved, and it became easier to understand how to draw the waveform of the rectified circuits, and it became clear how to calculate the RMS voltages of the rectified signals. Moreover, this lab experiment made it possible to design and create a center-tapped transformer and full-wave bridge rectifier circuits and examine their waveforms as well as give explanations for them. It was not easy to realize how to get the waveform of the second circuit, however, the task was implemented. In general, this lab experience was done effectively for both circuit designs.

Lab 4

Conclusion

This lab experiment goal was achieved, and it became possible to determine the maximum safe operation current for the Zener diode. It also became possible to find out how to choose the source voltage and the resistances for the Zener circuit. Additionally, it became easier to get to know and examine how the Zener diode is working. In general, this lab experience was done effectively for both circuit designs.

Lab 5

Conclusion

This lab experiment goal was achieved, and it became possible to determine the maximum safe operation current for the Zener diode. It also became possible to find out how to choose the source voltage and the resistances for the Zener circuit. Additionally, it became easier to get to know and examine how the Zener diode is working. In general, this lab experience was done effectively for both circuit designs.

Lab 6

Conclusion

This lab experiment goal was achieved, and it became possible to determine the needed results of the three parts of this experiment. Also, it has to observe the behavior of the circuit when there are set and changeable voltage regulators. Overall, this lab experience was done effectively for this lab circuit design.

Lab 8/9

Conclusion

1. Describe the differences you would observe with a DMM between an NPN and a PNP transistor.

2. NPN: The meter reading is high when placing the negative lead to the base terminal and the positive lead to either of the other two terminals. Also, in the NPN transistor, by placing the positive lead to the base terminal, and the negative lead to either of the other two terminals.

• PNP: The meter reading is low when we put the negative lead to the base terminal and the positive lead to either of the other two terminals. Also, in the PNP transistor, by placing the negative lead to the base terminal, and the positive lead to either of the other.

1. What was the beta for your transistor?  How does this compare with the have on its data sheet? (search the internet! )

b Value = 1mA/10 mA = 100, based on the datasheet the Beta value is in the range between       50 - 120.

1. Consider the analyses of Circuits 1 - 4.  What do they have in common? What is different?

The transistor type is common between the circuits, and there are varying Rb, and Vcc values circuit 3 does not have Re.

1. Rank order Circuits 1 - 4 for transistor stability. 

4, 2, 1, 3

1. Which circuit is most stable? Why?

            Circuit 4 is the most stable because the voltages across the three resistors are the same.

Lab 11

Conclusion

1. Is this amplifier inverting or non-inverting? What evidence do you have?

Answer:

Inverted based on the graph presented in the oscilloscope

2. What are the limits of the output voltage?

Answer:

1.2 V

3. What are the purposes of the capacitors?

Answer:

To reduce the feedback at AC

4. What limits the gain at low frequencies?

Answer:

100 kHz, by using a high pass filter capacitor

5. What limits the gain at high frequencies?

Answer:

1 kHz, by using a low pass filter capacitor

Lab 12

Conclusion

Compare the theoretical and observed gains.  If they don’t agree, what reasons might there be for the discrepancy?

Answer:

They are relatively close and matching, for the theatrical and observed gain.

What applications are there for the unity gain amplifier?

Answer:

They are used for impedance matches.

Write an expression for the relationship between the inputs and output of the summing amplifier. What applications are there for the summing amplifier?

Answer:

( V1 / R1 ) + (  V2 / R2 ) = - ( Vout / R3 )

A summing amplifier can be used to apply a DC offset voltage along with an AC signal voltage, for example in an audio mixer.