Participative Action Research and Action Science Compare - Essay Example

Action Research al Affiliation: ACTION RESEARCH Donald, A.  . Participative action research and action science compared:  a commentary.  American Behavioural Scientist, 32(1): 612-623.  Action research has been a topic of discussion for a long period of time. This journal introduces the topic of Action Research. The topic is well discussed in the journal. It asserts that many scholars overestimate the various differences between the two types of research. It looks at various research papers and examines them with an aim of determining whether or not the differences talked about really exist (Donald, 2010).  With regards to the examination, it plays an important role in the process of validation of different studies. The research explains that the validation of a study is like conducting a research. By so doing, it gives the rationale for the alternative methodology in doing this kind of research (Donald, 2010). The journal is supported by some others on the topic. This research is, therefore, one of the best materials available in action research. It is because it gives more information on action research and the steps that can be followed when carrying out a comprehensive research are also outlined. Kitchen, J., & Stevens, D. (2014). Action research in teacher education: two teacher-educators practice action research as they introduce action research to pre-service teachers. Action Research, 23(3): 7-28.   The article analyses some of the qualitative techniques that are dependent on different forms of discourse analysis. By analyzing the different methods which depend on analysis of the spoken or written language, the journal examines the relevance of discourse analysis, while looking at qualitative techniques (Kitchen & Stevens, 2014). It entails the examination and analysis of different methods and plays an important role in the discourse analysis, which is a significant in the process of action research. Sample methods used in the analysis of the spoken or written language are discussed in the paper. By reading this article, the reader gets more information on discourse analysis. As such, he or she will be in a position to carry out the process without difficulty. Peters, W. (2014). The problem of action in action learning. Research and Practice, 11 (2):115-118.   Some attributes of the traditional empirical-research have not been taken seriously by various scholars. This article recognizes the advantages and the disadvantages of traditional research (Peters, 2014). By looking at the disadvantages of this type of research, the article seeks to discover the contradictions which may exist in the research methods (Peters, 2014).It comes up with the conclusion that this type of research has its individual extortions to potency. The paper therefore gets rid of the contradictions that may be as a result of the traditional mechanisms used in research. It proposes new research methods and gives reasons for their importance. It is, therefore, important as it sheds light on the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional research methods. Reid, C. (2013). Finding the action in feminist participatory action research. Action Research, 13(1): 315-332.   The authors of this research journal state that social research, especially action research, is always inaccurate. The article gives several reasons for the inaccuracy of the social research. (Reid, 2013), asserts that the scholars involved in action research are not in a position to pledge the weight of the findings. Further, it describes the rules, which are unspoken that govern social interaction and prevent the discussion of more significant issues (Reid, 2013). This research promotes the use of action science in the social research and gives the rationale behind this. By describing the importance of action research, this article gives the best way to carry it out with minimal flaws. By identifying the flaws that exist in social research, the article improves on the quality of research done. It also gives room for improvement. It is because it identifies the weaknesses of the social research. As a result, the various scholars are in a position to improve on the weaknesses. Beer, M. (2012). Organisation change and development.  Annual Review of Psychology, 38(1): 339-367. This journal outlines the mechanism that can be used when researching various social systems in a manner that is likely to produce more valid information. It explains that while that is done, the researched are treated as responsible and mature. With regards to that, this research is treated like a participative-action-research in which more attention is given to the validity of the data obtained (Beer, 2012). By doing that, this article gives more insight to the process of action research by offering some of the research methodologies that can be utilized in this process. This work underpins the efforts by quality assurance officials in ensuring that various research works done are accurate and of high standards. It is because it indicates the various ways in which the data involved in a research process can be validated. Chris, D. (2010). Action science and intervention.  Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 19(2): 115-140. This research offers a revision of organizational learning. The researchers do so by simply relating interpersonal interaction to the organizational dynamics. It integrates the research materials on organizational dynamics with an aim of examining the interaction mentioned before. The organizational learning and action research are closely examined within this paper. The two are compared with the aim of creating more aware ness on the field of action research. Further, the best ways to carry out action research are explained in this paper. As a result of the excellent work on organizational learning and action research, it is liked by very many individuals (Chris, 2010). Carey, Martha, A. & Smith, Mickey W.  (2012). Enhancement of validity through qualitative approaches:  incorporating the patients perspective.  Evaluation and the Health Professions, 15(1): 107-114. This research or study provides an informative and readable outline of group techniques and processes. In addition, it also gives more information on forecasting. It has a summary of various research materials on the different techniques, which are applicable for this course. The research therefore manages to provide more information on the action research as an outline within the article (Carey, Martha & Mickey, 2012). When the paper explains the group techniques and processes, it describes how they are applicable in the field of action research. By that, it gives more information on the best ways to conduct the research that can produce the best outcomes. Elden, M. (2014). Features of emerging action research.  Human Relations, 46 (2): 275-298. This is a very interesting article on action research. It gives an illustration of the various models used by Bawden in carrying out action research. It discusses the action research based on the models which are described in the text (Elden, 2014). It therefore gives an in-depth analysis of action research based on relevant examples and the Bawden models of carrying out the research. By looking at the models, the reader is in a position to know the best model to apply when carrying out research. The model may be dependent on the type of research that he is going to conduct. It is, therefore, important that the best model is selected for the exercise to avoid confusion. Carey, M. (2011).Enhancement of validity through qualitative approaches:  incorporating the patients perspective.  Evaluation and the Health Professions, 15(1): 107-114. This research is concerned with the enhancement of the potency of the research being carried out. In the study, participative and qualitative methods are utilized in refining the research program or a HIV project The authors have also described various participative methods in a bid to come up with the best methodologies to be used to increase accuracy during a research. The main aim of using a large number of participative methods is to ensure that accuracy is increased. Also, the authors of this research make a conclusion on the best methods to be used in designing the program. The participative method is one of the best methods, according to the authors who helped develop the program (Carey, 2011). Qualitative and participative methods are used to refine a HIV research program. A number of participative methods are described.  The authors conclude that the participative methods were of value in designing the program. Walton, E. (2013). Organisation change and development.  Annual Review of Psychology, 38(2):339-367. This journal gives an account of various difficulties that exist in the process of carrying out research on social systems. In the study, the researchers question the utilization of casual, instead of systems models when carrying out the exercise. Furthermore, the fact that many individuals tend to sacrifice the importance of precision and give no considerations to environmental context, as well as users’ needs, have also been discussed within the paper. Finally, this article also sheds more light on the process of change (Walton, 2013). All these lead to the provision of information that is important in the study of action research. By discussing the different contexts, this article gives the relevant information that can be useful in conducting action research. Harkavy, I. (2013). Participatory action research as a process and as a goal.  Human Relations, 46(2): 175-192. This research discusses the different marketing research-techniques in relation to action research. It shows how the various techniques can be used in doing action research. It integrates various research materials in the topic of marketing research. By so doing, it discusses the relevance of all the techniques in action research (Harkavy, 2013). It therefore seeks to improve on the general effectiveness of action research. In addition; it shows that it is possible to utilize the marketing research mechanisms when carrying out action research. The marketing research techniques are significant in conducting action research. They ensure that the process is participatory and the goals of the research are all achieved. The different techniques streamline the process towards the attainment of the research goals. Manning, K. (2012). A rationale for using qualitative research in student affairs.  Journal of College Student Development, 33(2): 132-136. This paper reports on the utilization of mixed approach when it comes to working with non-governmental organizations. It does that by illustrating two different traditions of action research. The first one is as described by the author is the Southern method which is concerned with empowering the disenfranchised groups. The second method is the Northern tradition. This utilizes the approach of problem solving when effecting organizational changes (Manning, 2012). The paper, in addition gives more attention to ideology and values, joint enquiry and participation in the analysis. As a result of the approach, this research provides more information on action research as it integrates the data obtained from other research materials like those on organizational research. Susan, A. (2010). Self-design for high involvement:  a large-scale organisational change.  Human Relations, 46(2):143-173. The research seeks to increase the rigor of research in general. It discusses very many different styles of doing research and outlines how the biases experienced when carrying out research can be detected and avoided when recording the findings or the outcomes of the study. The authors assume that in case different methods are used in the research, the biases tend to cancel out leading to more accurate results (Susan, 2010). This paper is therefore aimed at increasing the accuracy and precision of the action research and other types of research in general. By discussing the biases, it prevents the commission of the errors when carrying out the actual research process. It is because the individuals responsible for the exercise prevent those errors based on prior information on the research.  Heller F.  (2014). Usefulness of group feedback analysis as a research method:  its application to a questionnaire study.  Human Relations 34(4): 141-156. This article discusses the importance of using the analysis of the group feedback as one of the research methods in carrying out action research. It does that by explaining the meaning and applications of the feedback analysis before talking about its application in research. The main reason for the discussion on the group feedback-analysis method is to make the readers understand how the method can be applied in carrying out an effective research (Heller, 2014). It’s also very important for action research. It is because the necessary measures that can be taken to ensure accuracy of the information are outlined. Susman, G. (2014). An assessment of the scientific merit of action research.  Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(4): 582-603. This research paper looks at some of the issues experienced in the field of applied psychology. It uses a collection of different research materials on methodologies, methods and issues, which are commonly experienced in carrying out social research. In addition, this paper addresses the quantitative and qualitative issues that are experienced when expanding on the social research. Various research materials are combined and analyzed to come up with the different issues experienced when carrying out social research (Susman, 2014). Finally, the current developments are treated keenly by this article in coming up with the recommendations for future development. Lewin, K. (2011). Action research and minority problems.  Journal of Social Issues, 2 (1): 34-46.  This is a unique research material that focuses on the relationship, connection and other important factors between the individual carrying out the research and the people or sample that is being researched. The authors of this article use this approach to explain the use of action research and its relevance in carrying out effective studies to minimize flaws. To come up with the necessary findings in this study, the authors of this paper utilized various disciplinary perspectives in drawing the conclusions (Lewin, 2011). Further, it discusses the ways in which the normal power difference is likely to be minimized. This is when keen attention is given to the language research and the language used in the research. Englestad H., (2013). Swedish network development for implementing national work reform strategy.  Human Relations, 46(2): 219-248. This journal involves a critical, yet understanding discussion concerning the most current views within the philosophy of science. The author of this article gathers data from the review of the works of other individuals with whom he disagrees on some issues. The reviews are done sympathetically and in good faith (Englestad, 2013). This paper speaks against utilization of a single scientific methodology in making conclusions. Instead, the author advocates for criticism of the scientific work by different researchers so as to come up with more advanced findings based on the opinions of different people as that is considered more accurate. This is one of the best papers on action research. It is because it speaks about the use of different methods aimed at ensuring the accuracy of the information obtained. By advocating the criticism of different scientific methods, the paper gives the best way of maintaining relevance in action research. It is by ensuring that the information collected is accurate and valid. Read More