Heriot-Watt Programme Mandate - Assignment Example

Heriot-Watt Programme Man Ethical Energy This document presents a programme man proposal for a programme in Ethical Energy for Heriot-Watt University. The programme is designed to meet the criterion laid out in the policy document Focus on the Future: Heriot-Watt University, 2008. This document outlines the components of the program and the demand for a program of this nature. It also considers potential partners in the program from industry, academia and government. Finally, it addresses the financial viability of the Ethical Energy programme by briefly identifying some of the factors that make it marketable and appealing to government, industry and academia. An extensive list of resources and references are appended to the document to facilitate further reading on the subjects raised in the proposal. Introduction Moving into the twenty-first century Heriot-Watt developed Focus on the Future: Heriot-Watt University, 2008 a policy document to guide the institutions future development. Its overall goal is made clear in the introduction to the document, “Our vision for the next decade is to become a world-leading university – a university which will produce the next generation of global leaders in business and technology.” The following programme mandate document outlines a program that is directed towards meeting those goals in the framework of the energy sector. Of necessity, considering the global business environment and the inherent nature of the energy industry, there is considerable emphasis placed on environmental issues. Regardless, this is an energy programme mandate proposal first and foremost. Its adoption would address pressing needs in the energy sector in emerging technologies while also recognizing the political and philosophical framework that the energy sector operates within. This means that the proposed programme will appeal to partners in the industry, potential academic and istitutional partners, and students considering Heriot-Watt who are interested in a cutting edge program in terms of technology and the wider social environment that they will be practicing their chosen discipline in. Therefore, it will contribute to Heriot-Watts intention to remain a leader in technological and scientific research and also attract students, meeting the goal of “growing our academic base by 50% in ten years.” Furthermore, the Ethical Energy Programme will enhance the reputation of the university and offer its students a broader-based understanding of energy issues than traditional programmes. Programme Outline This programme mandate proposal relates to a program to be known as The Heriot-Watt Ethical Energy Programme. The programme mandate will be presented in three significant sections. First, the programme components will be presented in two sections. The hard components of the programme are the actual directions that research will take in scientific and technological avenues. The soft components are the philosophical and ethical components that will under gird the programme. They comprise a revolutionary and innovative approach for the energy sector and for Heriot-Watt. Second the programmes potential to develop significant partnerships will be identified. The partnerships section will consider government partnerships; private sector partnerships with special consideration of British Petroleum (BP); academic partnerships; and partnerships with NGOs. The final section of the programme mandate proposal will focus on how the programme will be marketed to government, industry, academics and students. Many of the issues raised in this programme proposal are currently topics in the media and the industry. Many of them are issues that are ongoing. Other issues raised deal with agencies and organizations outside of Heriot-Watt. To assist the reader in understanding these issues, as background and to corroborate the need for a programme of this nature ,an extensive reference section is appended to this document. Programme Components The programme components can be divided into two broad categories, hard components and soft components. The divisions are not hard and fast rules but rather indicative of the two, complimentary aspects of the programme -hard and soft components - that make it innovative and also relevant. This will be a significant change for students in the programme and will require a philosophical shift within the administration of Heriot-Watt as well. Hard Components This element of the Programme Mandate Proposal focuses on the four scientific and technological thrusts that will comprise the core of the program. These four themes – deepwater drilling, oil sands development, renewables and energy audits - develop on programmes that Heriot-Watt is already involved in. They also, at the same time, reference key and current needs in the energy sector. Deep Water Drilling Earlier this year Infield.com was optimistic on the prospects of the deepwater drilling sector: “Recent years have seen the growth and formalization of the global deepwater offshore industry. … Such factors have encouraged operators to invest billions annually chasing this offshore frontier, and across this report we see very few market segments associated with deepwater production not seeing upwards potential.” (“Why the Oil Market …, 2010) This emphasis on deepwater drilling is also being pushed politically by the government of the United States in its drive to increase domestic oil production and reduce dependence on oil imports, particularly from the Middle East and central Asia. Here in the United Kingdom deepwater drilling also offers the potential to reach presently untapped reserves that are not located in regions characterized by political volatility. There is broad-based desire for increased development of off-shore, deepwater oil reserves at present. That said, the entire environment of deepwater drilling has changed completely in the last 6 months with the huge BP oil spill in the Gulf. In the immediate aftermath of the explosion the Wall Street Journal wrote, “the industry is booming.” It also warned, “the accident might temporarily damp the pace of oil development in the deepest reaches of the Gulf, which has become a significant exploration hotspot for international oil companies seeking new sources of petroleum.” (Cassellman, Gold and Gonzalez, 2010) US Interior Sec. Ken Salazar imposed a 6-month moratorium on deepwater drilling on May 27. A federal judge ruled the moratorium was extra-legal on June 22 and the US Department of the Interior immediately announced it would appeal. (Snow, 2010) The disaster and the political and economic uncertainty that it triggered were unexpected. The federal government is completely reorganizing the Minerals Management Service. The new director, Michael R. Bromwich talked tough to the New York Times this week: “I think it is vital to create [investigative capability] both to investigate internal allegations of misconduct, and to pursue with aggressiveness and diligence allegations that the companies are not doing what they are supposed to do ...” (Broder, 2010) The future of deepwater drilling has been tarnished, but not eclipsed by the disaster in the Gulf. At the same time the BP disaster has highlighted attention on the various safety systems designed to prevent blowouts such as the BP disaster. The New York Times published a collection of industry documents online. One, a decade old, questions the fail-safe reputation of Blowout Preventers (BOP). (“Risk Assessment of the Deepwter Horizon Blowout Preventer (BOP) Control System, Final Report.”, 2000) It has also been suggested that the relief well being drilled should become a permanent safety feature in wells, marine and land-based, to pack up the BOP. The technology and the regulation of completion is changing rapidly at the moment. The trend in the current industry climate is clearly towards greater regulation and more safety features. This programme will focus on the development of safer systems for deepwater drilling a pressing imperative in the industry right now. Specifically and immediately there is a pressing need for a more trustworthy BOP. In the longer term there is need for the development of a safer system to prevent spills. Finally, there is a pressing need for development of technologies to respond to deepwater oil spills and accidents. Research addressing these significant needs and knowledge deficits should be a key aspect of the ethical energy programme that is being proposed for Heriot-Watt. Oil Sands Development The second leading source of oil reserves located outside of the Middle East and Central Asia is the massive oil sands development in western Canada. The project is a vast development in Northern Albert and Saskatchewan. The map below illustrates the location and vast extent of the development. Map 1: The Oil Sands Project in Canada This map ilustratess the extent and location of the oils sands in Alberta, Canada. The three oil sand deposits are known as the Athabasca Oil Sands, the Cold Lake Oil Sands, and the Peace River Oil Sands. Source: Created by Norman Einstein, May 10, 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athabasca_Oil_Sands_map.png. The crude bitumen contained in the Canadian oil sands is described by Canadian authorities as “petroleum that exists in the semi-solid or solid phase in natural deposits. Bitumen is a thick, sticky form of crude oil, so heavy and viscous (thick) that it will not flow unless heated or diluted with lighter hydrocarbons. At room temperature, it is much like cold molasses.” (“Bitumen”) The need to thin the oil in order to extract it is the principle reason that extracting the resource is so expensive in financial terms and in terms of energy consumption. Development of the resource was not economically viable when other resources were available and the issue of peak oil was not under consideration. That has changed recently and development of the resource is proceeding at a rapid rate. Moreover, according to the International Energy Agency the potential production is essential to global supplies over the next 25 years. Table 1: Oil Sands Production and Contribution to World Supplies Source: http://www.petroleum-economist.com/default.asp?Page=14&PUB=279&SID=727434&ISS=25711. However, the development has also been surrounded by controversy. Environmental opponents have questioned the cost-effectiveness of the development. Their concerns have focused on direct environmental impacts and also on the energy costs of developing the resource. In October 2010, Syncrude paid a $3-million penalty for the deaths of 1,600 ducks in one of its tailings ponds in April 2008” and other dead ducks were reported in ponds belonging to Imperial Oil and other dead ducks were reported in ponds owned by Syncrude Canada, Suncor Energy and Shell. The repeated incidents have ignited a firestorm in the Canadian media. (CBC News, 2010) One environmental organization suggests that the Energy Returned on Energy Invested Ratio (EROEI) is only 1.5, while Statistics Canada estimates that oil sands production alone consumes as much natural gas as the entire province of Quebec uses in a single year. (Menard, 2010) Setting aside the debate over the precise EROEI and the costs of oil sands production it is uniformly accepted that the EROEI is low and the costs are high. This situation means that the process and associated energy and environmental concerns demand the technical expertise and research experience that Heriot-Watt has a global reputation for. Oil sands development is essential and inevitable. It will become an increasingly important source of hydrocarbons. Clearly, Heriot-Watt should take a leading role in this burgeoning field through its proposed Ethical Energy Programme. Renewables Heriot-Watt already has a leading role in the solar sector of the renewable energy industry. On the zero-carbon and renewable front, Dr Bryce Richards in our school of engineering and physical sciences is leading a new research thrust on the development of photovoltaic systems. However, Edinburgh and Scotland in general are farm better positioned geographically to engage in research related to wind power. Already, Wind power is the countrys fastest growing renewable energy technology, with 2319.04 MW of installed capacity as of October 29, 2010. Scottish wind farms include the United Kingdoms largest wind farm (322 MW) at Whitelee in East Renfrewshire, as well as two very large offshore wind turbines (5 MW each), located in the Moray Firth. (“Scottish Renewables”) In light of Heriot-Watts location in northern Europe, the limits it imposes on solar power, and the potential that Scotland and the North Sea offer for significant development of wind power resources the new programme will include an emphasis on wind power, alongside existing solar projects. The International Centre for Technology in Orkney would be an ideal site for testing wind turbines. Energy Auditing The fourth hard component of the programme will relate to engineering, design and construction of more energy efficient structures. This will develop on an existing strength of Heriot-Watt noted in the existing Focus on the Future: Heriot-Watt University, 2008 strategy document: “With the combined expertise of our energy technologists and our School of the Built Environment, we are ideally placed to pilot larger scale experiments on low-carbon buildings, a concept which we will extend in the continuing development of the University’s campuses.” (Heriot-Watt, 2008) The programme will undertake an immediate energy audit of all existing buildings and propose renovations and retrofits to improve energy efficiency of all Heriot-Watt assets. This energy audit will improve energy efficiency for the institution, enhance the institutions reputation for sustainable development and corporate social responsibility. It will also allow staff and students to develop expertise in energy audits and enhance the programmes of our School of the Built Environment. Soft Components The soft components of the programme represent a considerable departure for Heriot-Watt. They constitute the philosophical and ethical segment of the programme. The technological and scientific components of this program are directed to producing cleaner energy more cost effectively and mitigating the environmental consequences of energy exploration, development and production. The soft components of the programme will inculcate in students the importance of emerging ethical issues such as corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. As a result it is a significant departure for Heriot-Watt. It will be predicated on a partnership with the University of Edinburgh that will be explained thoroughly in the partnership section of this proposal. This following section will simply introduce the concepts and their relevance to the programme mandate proposal. Corporate Social Responsibility The term Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has earned exceptional currency since it entered the lexicon of business at least fifty years ago. According to Ray Broomhill, “Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), a concept that has been around for well over 50 years, has become prominent again recently.” (Broomhill, 2007) CSR involves deploying the firms assets to address social issues not simply donating a portion of the firms profits to socially responsible charities and non-governmental organizations. Angelidis and Ibrahim (1993), corporate social responsibility is "corporate social actions whose purpose is to satisfy social needs".(Angelidis and Ibrahim, 1993) Students will be required to study CSR and learn to integrate this philosophical perspective into their research and its applications. Sustainable Development Sustainable development is popularly known as the triple bottom line. It is a more practical and comprehensive term than environmentalism but arose from the same ethical ground. Sustainable development theory holds that development must fulfill environmental, social and economic goals in tandem. It was first defined by the United Nations in 1987 in the "Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development" General Assembly Resolution 42/187, popularly known as the Brundtland Report. Ths document defined it as , "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." (United Nations, 1987) Since then this term has been refined to the present concept of triple-bottom line. The Ethical Energy Programme will provide students with an opportunity to incorporate the ethics of development into their research proposals and interests. Thus it will encourage them to take a broader view of energy issues than a moe traditional programme would. In this sense the programme and its graduates will demonstrate a holistic approach to the industry that incorporates the environment, society and economics as well as science and technology. Ethical Oil Ethical oil is a new term that was only recently introduced into the debate. However, it will have increasing importance in the future and will be a key to correctly assessing issues related to corporate social responsibility and sustainability. In introducing it into the curriculum of an energy programme Heriot-Watt will be taking the leading role in this emerging field. Ezra Levant recently published a controversial book entitled, Ethical Oil: The Case for Canadas Oil Sands. Levant is a controversial intellectual gadfly and polemicist who is one of the most articulate spokespersons for the right in Canada. In Ethical Oil he makes two important points. The first is that Canada, as a liberal democracy provides fertile ground for environmentalists and other dissidents. He argues that one result of this open media and intellectual environment is that opponents of the oil sands and advocates of the environment have a forum that they do not have in other oil producing states such as those in the Middle East and Central Asia. Consequently, he argues that the oil sands are no more environmentally damaging than coal consumption in China or drilling in Middle East. Instead, he argues that the perception of environmental problems is greater becasue the opponents of have more access to the media. Second, he argues that in terms of sustainability – environmental, social and economic impacts – oil production in Canada is more sustainable than it is in many other places on the globe if all of the social indicators and consequences are considered. He argues that the lack of democratic freedoms, the control of the media, the distribution of wealth and the status of women are all tremendous and unsustainable social costs that persist in countries like the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia but pass largely unnoticed. He concludes that regardless of the environmental costs of the oil sands it is irrational and unrealistic to perceive of it as less sustainable than developments relating to energy production and use in other parts of the world. It is an interesting argument, one that consideration of sustainable energy production, demands be included in any analysis. It is of particular importance to the Ethical Energy Programme proposed for Heriot-Watt. The focus on deepwater drilling and oil sands development that will characterize the programme will, by definition, mean that the focus is on oil exploration in western democracies such as the U.K., the U.S. and Canada. Therefore the questions of perception and social costs (as well as environmental costs) will be an ongoing debate around the projects that the Ethical Energy Programme will be involved in. Therefore, Levants seminal arguments will be a regular part of the debate for the students and researchers involved in the Ethical Energy Programme. Programme Partnerships Partnerships: Government In 2004 Jeremy Moon published a paper analyzing the role of the Thatcher and Blair governments in the promotion of CSR. He concludes that governments of both the right and the left have encouraged CSR through “encouraging CSR through ministerial leadership; stimulating new and existing business associations; subsidising CSR activities and organisations; and the deployment of ‘soft’ regulation.” (Moon, 2004) This finding may not be isolated to the U.K. However, it does make it plain that in the U.K. Government can and does play a key role in promoting CSR. More specific factors related to the energy sector further reinforce the general view that governments in the U.K. Would be ammenable to supporting a project such as the Ethical Energy Programme. The Scottish government has set a target for energy generation of 80% renewables. Clearly, they would greet with great satisfaction Heriot-Watts decision to place a greater emphasis on wind as a renewable energy source. Both the Scottish and the British government have made significant commitments to deepwater drilling in the North Sea. Additionally, they are both loath to become involved in an environmental and public relations disaster like that that befell BP and the U.S. government in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon disaster. Therefore, it can be asserted with certainty that they would be delighted to see Heriot-Watt step up its activity into cost reduction, environmental protection and environmental remediation in these two areas of the energy sector. Overseas government support can also be taken as a given. The United States does not want to repeat the Deepwater Horizon disaster but, at the same time, it is commited to increasing domestic oil supplies and that means deepwater drilling. Therefore, it can be assumed that they would be supportive of a research thrust in this direction at Heriot-Watt. Similarly, if for different reasons, the Canadian government is deeply committed to the Oil Sands project (the current Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, is an Alberta, a conservative and an oil sands booster). Therefore, it can be assumed that they would be supportive of a research thrust in this direction at Heriot-Watt. Partnerships: Private Sector The university already has partnerships with a host of energy companies. This element of the program already exists on the ground and it would simply be a matter of tying in the new programme with the existing partners. That said, the case of British Petroleum in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon disaster demands special consideration. Partnerships: British Petroleum, the Special Case The numerous catastrophes that culminated with the fire and deaths aboard the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig are having a profound impact on BP profits and shareholder value. As long as BP was addressing safety violations (numbering into the hundreds) in a manner that did not have their rigs shutdown they were, in the short term, maximizing profits while adhering to the law (addressing safety violations in a manner that precluded regulatory agencies shutting them down). However, this attitude of minimizing and riding roughshod over safety issues has now come home to roost and BP and its shareholders are paying a huge price. Performing barely within the law, or barely outside the law according to ones interpretation of the law, does not maximize profits in the long term. In fact, BP will be paying for its focus on profit maximization at the expense of social responsibility for years to come. On the other hand consider briefly BPs self proclaimed values as they appear on their website: 1. Progressive: We believe in the principle of mutual advantage and build productive relationships with each other, our partners and our customers. 2. Responsible: We are committed to the safety and development of our people and the communities and societies in which we operate. We aim for no accidents, no harm to people and no damage to the environment. 3. Innovative: We push boundaries today and create tomorrow´s breakthroughs through our people and technology. (British Petroleum, www.bp.com.) BP needs this programme and an affiliation with it in light of current public perceptions of BP. This programme, and partnering with it, offers BP an opportunity to demonstrate its commitment to environmental issues, occupational safety and CSR. It is, therefore, an ideal private-sector partner for this programme. In terms of funding this means that BP should be aggressively pursued as a partner. Simply put, they need the positive publicity and good will that involvement in a program of this nature will provide. Frankly, in purely practical terms, they also need the technical knowledge that this programme has the potential to develop if they are to improve their presently abysmal safety and environmental records. Partnerships: Academic Academic partnerships would also develop fruitfully for the new Ethical Energy programme at Heriot-Watt. The University of Calgary (Calgary) and the University of Alberta (Edmonton) are both deeply involved in oil industry related research and possess engineering faculties with extensive research facilities and well-developed networks with the energy industry including the oil sands project. One or both of these institutions would be valuable partners in Heriot-Watts Ethical Energy Programme. They would provide institutional bases and research facilities proximate to the oil sands. They would also, presumably, be interested in their reserachers and students having access to Heriot-Watt, close as it is, to the deepwater drilling in the North Sea. Interestingly and importantly, Ezra Levant, author of Ethical Oil, is a resident of Calgary and an occasional lecturer at the Universities of Calgary and Alberta. In Alberta or invited to Hriot-Watt he could provide an interesting and controversial perspective on the oil sands project and ethical oil in general. With regard to deepwater drilling research a partnership with Louisiana State University (LSU) in Baton Rouge, LA would be valuable. They have a long history of involvement with the oil industry due to Louisianas location on the Gulf Coast of the United States and this association has gained added importance in the wake of the Deepwater Horizon disaster. The University of Edinburgh has a global reputation of longstanding for its philosophy department. A partnership with it would be invaluable in developing the philosophical underpinnings of this programme. The partnership could be developed in a variety of manners. Students in the Ethical Energy Programme could arrange to take the necessary courses and seminars at the University of Edinburgh. Alternately, professors from the University of Edinburgh could be enlisted to teach the required courses on either campus. Specifically, Professors Douglas Brodie and Doreen McBarnett currently lecture in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility at the University of Edinburgh. Additionally, Dr. Elisa Morgera is active in the area of sustainability. They would be ideal partners to instruct students in the Ethical Energy Programme in CSR, sustainability and other ethical issues. A partnership of this nature would be beneficial for both institutions, the instructors involved and the students in the Ethical Energy Programme. Additionally, the campus and structures of the University of Edinburgh would present an excellent opportunity for Heriot-Watt Ethical Energy Programme to extend the energy audit concept. Overall, the potential for academic partnerships is quite rich for the Ethical Energy Programme at Heriot-Watt. Partnerships: NGOs (Environmental) On the surface there are a host of potential partners, many of which are already partnering with Heriot-Watt, in the energy field including industry organizations and research institutes. However, the Ethical Energy Programme could also approach environmental organizations such as Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund. At first glance these might seem like unusual partners. However, with the programme emphasizing corporate social responsibility and sustainability NGOs of this type could make a valuable contribution to the program. This could be a fruitful avenue to pursue but if it did not bear fruit it would certainly not undermine the validity or value of the programme. Marketing the Programme The principles for marketing the programme will for the most part follow logically from the preceding discussions regarding partnerships. An exception to this general rule will be the concept of marketing to students. Marketing to Government and Industry The programme focuses on developing the optimum technologies for the development of deepwater drilling sites and the oil sands. For all of the reasons identified above – location of these reserves, domestic production, production beyond the unstable spheres of the Middle East and Central Asia – this programme will have immense appeal to the governments of Canada, the U.K. and the United States. For all of these reasons, coupled with Heriot-Watts reputation this program will appeal to these governments and encourage their support. To these governments the programme can be marketed on the basis of its content and the manner in which that content compliments national policies. Industries partnering with the Heriot-Watt Ethical Energy Programme will have the opportunity to participate in, and have access to, cutting edge research and product and process development. The Ethical Energy Programme, specifically will also give them access to developments in a holistic approach to energy development that emphasizes the three pillars of sustainability – economic development, environmental protection and social development. This will improve their performance, tangibly demonstrate their commitment to corporate social responsibility and improve pubic perceptions of them as responsible corporate citizens. Marketing to Academics and Students The Ethical Energy Programme will offer academics and students the opportunity to participate in a programme that takes a revolutionary and holistic approach to the energy sector. It will permit them to pair their technological and scientific expertise with the ethical issues that are facing the energy sector. It will provide them with access to the excellent facilities available at Heriot-Watt and the associated corporate partners and research institutes. It will also welcome them into a dynamic research community. Finally, it will facilitate their careers by allowing them to include their sojourn at Heriot-Watt on their curriculum vitae. Conclusion Focus on the Future: Heriot-Watt University, 2008 outlines the universitys intention “to become a world-leading university – a university which will produce the next generation of global leaders in business and technology.” The preceeding programme mandate proposal outlines a program that is directed towards meeting those goals in the framework of the energy sector. It identifies a holistic approach to the energy sector that would be unique in the world. It is a programme that will unite Heriot-Watts research brilliance with the ethical issues confronting he energy sector. It will produce research and graduates who understand the three pillars of sustainable development and their role in the future of the energy sector. At the same time it will be directed towards safer production of traditional energy sources, increasing reliance on energy efficiency and the development of new, renewable sources of energy. It will build on the universitys sterling reputation and help it to move into the twenty-first century. References Angelidis, J. P. And N. A. Ibrahim (1993) "Social demand and corporate strategy: A corporate social responsibility model", Review of Business, V.15(1): 7-10. British Petroleum. www.bp.com. Broomhill, Ray, (2007) “Corporate Social Responsibility: Key Issues and Debates” Dunstan Paper No. 1/2007. Cameron Controls Corporation. (April 2000). “Risk Assessment of the Deepwter Horizon Blowout Preventer (BOP) Control System, Final Report.” Web. http://documents.nytimes.com/documents-on-the-oil-spill?ref=us#text/p1. Canadas Oil Sands “Bitumen”. Web. http://www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/glossary.aspx. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) News. (October 29, 2010). “Dead ducks found at Kearl oilsands site”. Web. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/calgary/story/2010/10/29/edmonton-kearl-dead-ducks.html. Canadian Energy Research Institute. Web. http://www.ceri.ca/. Cassellman, Ben, Russell Gold and Angel Gonzalez, (April 22, 2010) “Blast Jolts Oil World” Wall Street Journal. Web. http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB10001424052748704133804575197613591134990-lMyQjAxMTAwMDIwODEyNDgyWj.html. Accessed 21 June 2010. Heriot-Watt University. (2008). Focus on the Future: Heriot-Watt University, 2008. http://www.hw.ac.uk/reference/focus-on-the-future.pdf. Levant, Ezra. (2010) Ethical Oil: The Case for Canadas Oil Sands. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. Menard, Marika (June 24, 2010). “Canada, a Big Energy Consumer: A Regional Perspective”. Web. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-621-m/11-621-m2005023-eng.htm. Moon, Jeremy, (2004) “Government as a Driver of Corporate Social Responsibility: The UK in Comparative Perspective” International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility (ICCSR), Nottingham University Business School. No. 20-2004 ICCSR Research Paper Series. “Oil Sands are Essential, IEA Says”. Web. http://www.petroleum-economist.com/default.asp?Page=14&PUB=279&SID=727434&ISS=25711. “Scottish Renewables”> (October 29, 2010). Web. http://www.scottishrenewables.com/. Snow, Nick (June 23, 2010) “Salazar, despite court setback, defends deepwater moratorium” Oil & Gas Journal. Web. http://www.ogj.com/index/article-display/4023941628/articles/oil-gas-journal/drilling-production-2/drilling-operations/2010/06/salazar_-despite_court.html. United Nations. 1987."Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development." General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11 December 1987. Web. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm. University of Calgary. Web. www.ucalgary.ca. University of Edinburgh. Web. www.ed.ac.uk. “Why the Oil Market Favors the Deepwater Subsector” (2010) Web. http://seekingalpha.com/article/143958-why-the-oil-market-favors-the-deepwater-subsector. Read More