Quantitative Methods for Business - Assignment Example

Quantitative Methods for Business This research paper in particular tries to find out the causes of variation in brain intelligence. There are quite a number of reactions from different scientists like Epsteins, Broca and Hootons who studies this topic using different methodologies. For instance, Broca in his research states that mature adult’s brain large compared to that of an elderly person. Furthermore, he states that a man brain is larger than that of a woman’s and that mediocre people have smaller brains compared to the eminent ones. On the other side, Hooton, an anthropologist, studies criminals from Boston using the circumferences of their brains in comparison to their intelligence. Lastly, Epstein in his research tries to oppose Hooton, by implying that there is no clear connection in intelligence compared to the head size but found a slight connection in the two. The main purpose for the research paper is to establish the intelligence measure. It studies on how ones intelligence can be measured and by use of what methodology. If the measure of intelligence can be established, then an individual’s cognitive level can help in various ways. For instance, cognitive level of an individual, can be used in the area of education to rate the level of a particular grader and the capability. Introduction The main purpose of this study is to clarify the exact means through which intelligence levels can be rated. It tries to compare various aspects of life in relation to intelligence or the brain capacity. As stated in the abstract there many school of thoughts and arguments about the research problem. Therefore, the core issue of the research is establishing the most appropriate of testing for one’s intelligence. Normally, there is always a specific question that does arise in the physical development of human and the cognitive level. It is believed by many development conscious people that there is a relation between cognitive level and physical level. Though both journalists and scientists have rushed to claims that are unjustified on cognitive development, they have left interesting findings on this. Research on this has shown pitfalls and essentials of the study. Epsteins in his studies found out that as a child grow into another level the growth is accelerated than when within the stage itself. Although it’s rare to have the measures on how the brain grows, studies have data on how the brain grows its circumference that closely relates to size of the brain. The data analysis confirmed Epsteins hypothesis. Children began to show head growths at the start of concrete-operational time. Epsteins used an alternative brain measure for testing intelligence. The brain emits waves, which carry electric charges that are measured using EEG. These waves have effects on the mental processes. He realized inconsistencies in his data collected and resorted to claims on development of the brain and education. In this research paper, data analysis will be carried to find out by use of quantitative methods the intelligence tests (Linton, 2007). This activity is very crucial and of great essence as it aids to the determination of intelligence levels and appropriate methodology to follow while testing for these. This research concentrates mainly on the quantitative methods of intelligence tests. The main purpose for the research paper is to establish the intelligence measure. It studies on how ones intelligence can be measured and by use of what methodology. If the measure of intelligence can be established, then an individual’s cognitive level can help in various ways. For instance, cognitive level of an individual can be used in the area of education to rate the level of a particular grader and the capability. Epstein in this paper compares the size of the brain with prestige of one’s work. Data Analysis and Evaluation From the ANOVA results, one of the means of the circumference is different. This is because, the F test value deviates from 1 and this implies different variances which implies unequal means. The requirement of ANOVA procedures of variances being equal in the Epsteins table are not met because for the variance to be equal, the standard deviations must be equal. The effect of the F test statistics would be that it would be close to one which reflects that both standard deviation and variance are almost the same. The null hypothesis would be less likely rejected because the f test value is likely to fall in between 0 and 0.950. There are changes that are noted after the correction of the mean squares and others. It can be seen that, the F test approaches one but does not fall within the limits of 0 and 0.9. Therefore, it is rejected by a null hypothesis. Turkey’s tests are almost similar to that of t test and it will be applied in the next step to explain the error rate. If this test has been carried out between the two MSE’s, we realize that a very slight difference exists. This means that the f test falls between the range of 0 and 0.9 implying that the null hypothesis is accepting the means. The two tests, Turkey test and the f test are quite different. The f test is particularly used to check if the samples in question are from similar distribution. This test in particular, tests for equality in standard deviations of a given distribution. These f tests are carried in two ways, one tailed or in a way that it is two tailed. The two tailed can only be used if the one tailed has tested lack of standard variation in the samples given. Another thing about this one tailed form of the test is that it is carried out in one direction. If there is an abnormality in samples, then, the tests definitely fails. On the other hand, turkey test is applied in case the f test fails to respond to the tests of the means. It compares many paired means. It always assumes that all means are independent and in their observation there is equal variation. Its main purpose is to correct the error rate. As the turkeys tests assumes, all means compared are from a matching population. Summary of Findings The summary entails a lot has the research give out different outcomes depending on the methodologies in place. For instance, in the first case from the ANOVA results where one of the means of the circumference was different because the F test value deviates from 1. This implies different variances, which implies unequal means. The requirement of ANOVA procedures of variances being equal in the Epsteins table are not met because for the variance to be equal, the standard deviations must be equal (Linton, 2007). Then immediately after correction of the standard variation, it is seen that the effect of the F test statistics would be close to one which reflects that both standard deviation and variance are more or less the same. The null hypothesis would be less likely rejected because the f test value is likely to fall in between 0 and 0.950. This alone shows that there are assumptions that should be taken into consideration for the f test to be effective. The assumption, to be specific is that, the standard deviations of the variables should be the same and this makes it a pitfall. This is because failure to take this assumption into consideration fails the whole effort. Using MSE it’s evident that noted after the correction of the mean squares and others. It can be observed that the F test approaches one but does not fall within the limits of 0 and 0.9. Therefore, it is rejected by a null hypothesis. This calls for the use of a different test as the f test has failed in many ways. One of the failures is that, as much as data collected is from the same population, the distribution curve fails to be normal. This is because the mean stands to be rejected by the null hypothesis. Moving to Turkeys tests of different paired means the following is noted. If this test had been carried out between the two MSEs, we see that there is a very slight difference that exist. This means that the f test falls between the range of 0 and 0.9 implying that the null hypothesis accepts the means. This explains contradiction in the research because different methods in a test should give the same result. Taking into account information that was withdrawn, there is infectivity in the research carried out because the whole population has not been fully represented. The misinformation might have caused the abnormality in the first case. Conclusion The paper’s conclusion is long as there are contradictions in the methodology applied and the outcomes. Initially the main purpose of this study was to clarify the exact means through which intelligence levels can be rated. It tries to compare various aspects of life in relation to intelligence or the brain capacity. As stated in the abstract there many school of thoughts and arguments about the research problem. Therefore, the core issue of the research is establishing the most appropriate of testing for one’s intelligence. There are various research methods and the best one have turned out to be the turkeys test. This method tends to be hectic, but, it gives the results required. In contrary, it’s not effective because there is data that has been omitted. Therefore, it only takes care of the used variables. It also has assumptions that make it more scientific than it being practical. Therefore, Turkeys test is the most appropriate method to test for intelligence levels in humans (Linton, 2007). From our focus, establishing the most appropriate way of testing for one’s intelligence, there is always a specific question that does arise in the physical development of human and the cognitive level. It is believed by many development conscious people that there is a relation between cognitive level and physical level. Though both journalists and scientists have rushed to claims that are unjustified on cognitive development, they have left interesting findings on this. This has been confirmed in the research paper that the circumference of the head has a lot of attachment to one’s intelligence. Recommendations This study was meant to clarify the exact means through which intelligence levels can be rated. It tries to compare various aspects of life in relation to intelligence or the brain capacity. As stated in the abstract there many school of thoughts and arguments about the research problem. Therefore, it would be in order to recommend Turkey’s tests to the most appropriate means of determining one’s intelligence taking into account some assumptions. Turkey test is applied in case the f test fails to respond to the tests of the means (Linton, 2007). It compares many paired means. It always assumes that all means are independent and in their observation there is equal variation. Its main purpose is to correct the error rate. As the turkeys tests assume, that all means compared are from a matching population. These assumptions include taking all means to be the same, taking all the variables to be independent, and data provided have an error. The size of the brain is directly proportional to the circumference of the head. When performing such kind of research all essential information should be taken into account in order for research to yield a more reliable report that can be used. Lastly, one should take into account the means, standard deviation and variance as he, or she undertakes the working out of the MSE and the tests. Bibliography Linton, L.R., and Harder, L.D. 2007. Biology 315 – Quantitative Biology Lecture Notes. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary. Read More