Breast cancer metastases - Essay Example

Introduction This research paper will select five articles and evaluate the contents of the big picture, the outcome and the reflections in one page paper. Breast Cancer Metastases Metastatic breast cancer is renowned to be a stage of the breast cancer in which the diseases spread to distant metastases. It is usually a complication of the primary breast cancer that occurs after the resection of a primary breast cancer. When women are first diagnosed with breast cancer, their greatest fears are that, what might be the cause and what if it happens to spread. The diagnosis of the metastatic breast cancer means that the disease has been spread well beyond the breast into some places in the bones and lungs. The study shows that, breast cancer mostly recurs in the skeleton. However, the bone metastases were mainly discovered in the necropsies of the patients who had breast cancer in thoracic as well as the lumbosacral trunk. One hypothesis of Breast Cancer Metastases is that, the Breast Cancer Metastases is a significant factor that causes death in patients. In more often than not, cancer diseases can be controlled only if metastasis fails to happen. The study of Breast Cancer Metastases was conducted by the researcher to help them know the total number of women affected by the disease. In the article, the authors’ main message is that, breast cancer can be suspected in any patient with the advanced diseases as well as pain in the sterna bone (Uuart, 2005) From the case reports given in the article, the research reveals that, the most serious cancers affecting women are the metastatic cancers. This means that, the cancer has spread from the place where it started to other tissues that are distant from the tumor site. The research also reveals that, breast cancer normally metastasize in the lymph nodes. The Search for the Blood Substitutes In 1980, the report of human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS is said to be as a result of blood transfusion leading to the general panic for both the public and institution for the United States blood banks. There has been a threat of the global shortages of blood and the fears of contamination have also hastened the attempts of finding a life-sustaining alternative. However in other countries such as France, the physicians make sure that the supply of blood is safe making the chances of contracting the HIV through transfusion to be lower. There are two main issues affecting the blood banks which include the supply of blood and contracting of HIV disease through blood transfusion. The Heart of the Matter There is a big challenge in finding the blood substitutes making the blood to be very complex. The blood substitutes are made up of the blood cells, the salt as well as other substances constituting of proteins and the vitamins suspended in the plasma. The blood cells such as the white cells, the red cells and platelets have a volume of blood of about 45 percent. The hemoglobin found in the protein is said to be significant in the emergency situations, despite of it not containing the red blood cell membrane. The function of the hemoglobin is to pick up the gases, for example the research carried out recently shows that hemoglobin can transport the nitric oxide which maintains the blood pressure. Lifeblood The blood loss in people usually threatens a significant process. For instance, if someone loses about 40 percent of blood in his/her body, the body is able to compensate it by quickly releasing the red blood cells. This is done by moving the blood away from the nonessential organs to restore the blood volume. Safety in Substitutes Finding of the safety in substitutes has continued to be plagued by the lack of the success. It is therefore advisable for all the researchers to address the safety concerns which fail to rise for the therapeutic administered in smaller amounts. In most cases, the blood substitutes are usually used for the purpose of blood volume restoring. Despite of all the challenges, the blood substitutes in the clinical trials will still be available in the coming future. The Future of the stem cells In the article of the future of the stem cells, the stem cell is hailed for its potential of revolutionizing the future with the ability of regenerating the damaged as well as the diseased organs. In the article, the author shows how most scientists are expecting an enormous benefit for the humankind from embryonic stem cells research, however this has to take them a generation before the whole impact is felt. The production of the embryonic stem cell lines is quite challenging. Just about 150 cell lines have resulted from many years of the hard work. However, there are some experiments which have disquietingly blurred the lines existing between the species, for instance, the stem cells have not only become notorious for obliging the society, but it is also considering the gain of drawing the lines existing between the embryonic cells as well as human beings. The creation of cell lines involves removal of inner mass of cells from the blastocysts that had been created in the laboratory. New cells from the colonies grow and are formally called the embryonic stem cells if they display molecular markers and undergo generation of cell divisions. There can be a problem with contamination in the laboratories and hence leading to generic abnormalities that might stop the work of the embryonic stem cell therapies. The cloned tissues from the stem cells can also beat immune rejection .the adult stem cells might escape ethical controversies of the counterparts; the use of stem cells for clinical therapies is an idea that will be more common in the future. The body’s innate capacity for generating itself is the basis for the thriving of stem cell therapy. Reviving the body of a stem cell is the sure simple route to new therapies that emerge. The stem cells will be on high demand in times to come they might be used in changing of muscle in the bones as well as the regrowing of the organs otherwise known as dedifferentiation. It is argued who will own the future technologies as a result of the stem cells. Molar crown thickness, volume, and development in South African Middle Stone Age humans An issue of debate in palaeonthropology is modern human origins. Studies of cranial and external dental morphology indicate the occurrence of a modern transition between 150,000-200,000 years back but very little is known on dental development. This article illustrates a study of the first integrated investigation of the thickness of the molar crown enamel, its volume as well as the development in fossil hominins. It is an issue on debate on when modern origins of humans and particularly when the anatomically modern humans that were in the middle stone age transitioned to being fully human. Transition is evident from the on fossil homo from primitive to modern state of Homo sapiens. This is evidenced by the dental features and external cranial. At the same time very little is known on the internal aspects of the tooth such as pattern of distribution, tissue thickness as well as the duration and sped of development. As a result of changes in diet and innovations in technology, dental size has changed significantly but it is not clear if dental tissue thickness and development .this article involves a study on combined investigation on the thickness of the enamel, volume of crown tissues and the development aimed at determining if the difference in living population and AMH can be determined. Method Examination of dental remains from three MSA localities was done. Then lightly worn and unworn molar teeth were selected to be imagined in convectional laboratories. Results The average and relative thickness of the enamel on the basis of mesial 2D plane sections. The MSA thickness of the enamel was in general among modern South Africa and the mixed population ranges. Discussion There was limited number in the permanent South Africa MSA teeth particularly the unworn and particularly unworn molars. The results of the study show that the thickness of the enamel, the development of the enamel variables, the volume of crowns as well as the estimated cusp-specific crown were formed at times that are similar to the living of population of humans. The study thus provides an approach that is integrative when it comes to studying the dentition. This takes into account that not only the absolute and relative quantities of tissues of the dental system but at the same time the development of the molars. Does the World need GM foods? Biotechnology is a tool that has been used to produce more food using less land and at the same time not depleting or damaging water and biodiversity. Biotechnology is therefore relevant and imperative for the increased demand for food and agricultural products since there will be more people with higher incomes. Biotechnology can also be used in drug manufacturing where the therapeutic benefits out way the risk The article talks of some advantages of GM crops. This includes the reduction in use of pesticides that could otherwise be pollutants through crops that are genetically modified to resist pests such as Bt cotton. There is also boosting of yields when the modified crops are used. Another benefit is nutritionally enhanced foods an example is golden rice, golden mustard high in beta-carotene vitamin A precursor. Another research is on modified oil that increases oleic acid hence reducing levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Other ongoing research is on the increasing of vitamin Din soybeans. Research is also underway to reduce allergic responses to food through the identification of allergen protein and modify its amino acids so as to reduce allergic response of the protein. The article also talks of response to people on the GM foods. People react negatively to these foods which can be due to the beliefs they hold. For instance, vegetarians are not comfortable with the idea of eating vegetables that have animal genes. Dialogue is therefore important when issues are raised on particular GM p especially when it comes to the methods used and the information about safety and respect for culture and remaining ethical. The debate is however if the GM foods are really solving the problem of hunger in the world. It is argued that the genetic engineering is not a new phenomenon rather an extension of what had existed before, such as mixed breeding. Whether or not GM foods are safe and are still a debatable issue. Work cited Uuart, Annie. "Overview of Metastatic Cancer in Bones." WebMD - Better information. Better health.. N.p, 2005 Web. 16 Mar. 2013. . Read More