The Analysis of the Nacobbus - Essay Example

Nacobbus Essay The paper that is being analyzed is about Nacobbus. Several studies and sources of information have been used throughout the work to discuss various aspects of the topic. The sources that have been used are from various geographical locations throughout the world so as to help completely analyze and study Nacobbus. All the sources that have been used in the paper have greatly helped in providing the needed literature and information. This paper will, however, focus on what can be considered the ten most important sources of information and studies that have been used by the authors so as to completely analyze the topic of Nacobbus. The sources will be picked from the list that has been used in the provided study. Each source will be analyzed separately and the reason why it was important to use it will also be given and how it helped in making the paper complete. Sher is this is one of the most important sources that have been used in this study. This source has been used throughout the study to provide concrete information on Nacobbus. Sher gives the required information about the Genus Nacobbus (222-227). According to this source the genus contains only two valid species which are indicated to be the Nacobbus dorsalis and N. aberrans. This source goes ahead to state where these two species are normally found. It indicates that N. aberrans is normally an important parasite of various vegetables like beans, chili, tomatoes and pepper. Further into the study, Sher has been extensively used to give information on variability that has been seen in Nacobbus (222-227). The source has been used to give information on morphological characteristic of N. aberrans. It reveals the various ranges of morphometrics of N. aberrans from various geographical locations in the world, thereby helping in understanding the various characteristics of the organism being studied. The reason why Sher is considered one of the important sources that has been used is the amount of information that has been obtained from this source on the characteristics and morphology of N. aberrans. The second source that has been considered among the 10 most important sources in this study is Thorne (1949). Thorne is talking about the new classification of the Tylenchida. It is one the proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. This source has been used to give information on various discoveries that were made on Nacobbus in different regions of the world. The source has been used to give information on taxonomy of Nacobbus (Thorne 57). This source gives information on the subfamily Tylenchida and why N. aberrans belongs to that subfamily. This study has been used when classifying N. aberrans throughout the paper. Thorne transferred N. aberrans from the family where it had been and placed it in the new taxonomy of subfamily Pratylenchidae. This source further goes ahead to give information on the characteristics of the N. aberrans that makes it be classified under the new subfamily. This helps in understanding the species and differentiating it from the other species. The next source in the paper that has been studied that is also very important is Sher and Bell. This study is about scanning electro micrographs of the anterior areas of Tylenchidea. This source has been used in analyzing the diagnosis of the Genus Nacobbus. Information from the scanning of the electro micrographs of the anterior sections of the Tylenchidea has been used in the journal in order to help the reader understand the various morphological and biological characteristic of Nacobbus. According to this source, the vermiform immature female of the N. aberrans has an elongated body with an incompletely developed reproductive system (Sher and Bell 69-83). They have annulated cuticles with lateral fields that have four incisors. This source has been used to further help understand the morphology of the mature swollen female which is described to be having a spindle shape and is a sac like in the neck region. The swollen mature male is also described to have smooth irregular margins. The mature female has a face with oral discs similar to those of an immature one. Sher and Bell also give the morphological and biological characteristic of the male N. aberrans which is described to have labial discs with a cephalic framework (69-83). The male is said to have lateral fields that with four incisures. Moreover, they have a regular external relation that are at times curved ventrally. The importance of this source that has been used is that it provides the imperative information on the various morphological and biological characteristics of N. aberrans that can be used to differentiate the immature female N. aberrans, the swollen female N. aberrans and the ale N. aberrans from each other. This helps in further understanding the species and differentiating it from the other specie of Nacobbus. Thorne and Schuster are another important source that has been considered to be among the top ten references that has been used. Thorne and Schuster is a study of Tylenchidae on the roots of sugar beets and other plants (128-134). This source has been used to understand the biology of Nacobbus. According to Thorne and Schuster, the life cycle of the N. aberrans species is normally similar in all its non tubular hosts. This source, which was the first study of the life cycle of N. aberrans indicates that the lifecycle starts with eggs being laid in from of a gelatinous matrix that is secreted by the female N. aberrans. The first stage of the cycle, which is the J1 develops inside the egg within the first weeks (Thorne and Schuster128-134). The sources go ahead to indicate after hatching the J2 which is the second stage penetrates roots and may remain there or move to a new site in the roots. This source goes ahead to give other stages in the Juvenile development of the N. aberrans that helps in understanding the biology and life cycle of the species. The study also reveals the conditions that lead to hatching of the eggs after they have been secreted by the female. This therefore makes it an important source since understanding the biology and the lifecycle of N. aberrans further helps in understanding the topic of study. Manzanilla-López and Pérez-Vera is the other important source that has been used.This is a study of the survival of dehydration during the development stages of Nacobbus aberrans. According to the study quiescence occur in this species in various stages of development. The study noted that the eggs of the Nacobbus aberrans are better adapted to survive in adverse conditions much as overcrowding and high temperature. The study indicated that the eggs are also able to survive even in the absence of the host. This same source indicated that juveniles normally became quiescent when they encountered unfavorable environments with their development being slowed. Manzanilla-López, Pluma-Contreras and López-Martínez has also been used to provide further understanding on the survival of the species. This source gives information on dehydration tolerances of various species from different locations of the world. It concludes that the eggs are more tolerant to adverse conditions that the J2, J3 and J4 stages. The J2 stage is indicated to be the least tolerant with J3 and J4 being able to survive up to three weeks of dehydration. These two sources are important because of the valuable information that they give on the environment that allow for survival and development of N. aberrans at various stages. Johnson is the sixth reference that has been considered among the top ten important sources in this literature. This is a PhD thesis on Nacobbus that was found in spinach. Temperature is indicated as one of the most important factors that regulate the development as well as the survival of Nacobbus. This source explores how temperature encourages the survival of Nacobbus in a host which in this case was spinach. Therefore, this source of information is considered among the top ten important references in the study because it explores one of the most important factors that regulate and affect development of Nacobbus. According to Johnson keeping the infested soil at a temperature of about 5°C significantly stimulates activity and infection potential (140-142). This activity temperature is however noted by Johnson to vary from region to region (140-142). In Argentina for example, the temperature that is required to promote survival or activity in N.aberrans is about 24°C (Johnson 140-142).This source further indicates that during cool temperatures more spinach and vegetables that are grown are more likely to be destroyed by the nematodes due to increased activity. It states that the N. aberrans species are more active during the summer than in the spring due to the elevated summer temperature. However, the study also indicates that at temperatures of more than 30°C the activity of the species are also reduced in some hosts but can still be found in other hosts. This understanding helps in further understanding the favorable conditions that promote survival and development of N. aberrans Schuster et al is the next important source. This source has been used to indicate the various symptoms that show N. aberrans attack. The symptoms that have been discussed include patches of poor growth, reduced apical growth, wilting and even production of small fruits (Schuster et al 200). The main underground symptoms that are revealed by Schuster et al include the presence of root galls, cessation of root growth, disrupted functioning of the branch and tap roots as well as wounds and necrosis. Schuster et al further says that those plants that have been attacked normally remain stunted. Severe attack by this organism also causes slow growth and at times early maturity. The reason why this source is considered among the ten important references in the study is due to the volume of information that it gives on the characteristic of the plants that have been infested by N. aberrans. This source gives the symptoms that can be seen from above the soil surface and those that are underground. Understanding the symptoms is important as it helps in knowing how to pick out those plants that have been attacked. Canto-Sáenz is the ninth important source that has been selected in this study. This source of information gives an overview of the various hosts of N.aberrans. Canto-Sáenz gives a list of all the botanical families and the host species totaling to 84 cultivated plant species and 18 plant species that are not cultivated. This reveals that Nacobbus aberrans has a wide range of host with some been cultivating plants while other non cultivated. The wide ranges of weed hosts form an important reservoir for infection. From the list that is contained in Canto-Sáenz one can be able to fully identify and understand the various hosts of N. aberrans and therefore be able to know where the organism is more likely to be found. The final source that has been identified and selected to be among the 10 important reverences is Yáñez-Juárez et al. This source is about a study that was carried out on combined strategies that can be used to manage N. aberrans. The management strategy involved solarization using a double sheet clear plastic and a single sheet clear plastic. Doubling the clear sheet plastic revealed a huge reduction in the number of N.aberrans population that had been used in the study. As a result of the huge success of this study, it becomes an important source as it reveals an important and proven strategy that can be used in the management of N. aberrans. This source further gives an explanation on how populations of the organism can be effectively managed. Conclusion The paper that was being analyzed has used several sources to give information and statistics on N.aberrans. Even though the sources were all vital in achieving the overall goals of the study, the above ten sources were found to be the most important. This is because they were used to give information on the various important aspects of the study topic that included taxonomy classification, morphological and biological characteristics, reproduction, survival, host species, effects on the host and the management strategies. Works Cited Franco, J., and G. Main. “Disinfection of Potato Seed Tubers Infected with Nacobbus aberrans Applying Different Pesticides at ULV.” Nematropica 31(2001):132-133. Johnson, J. D. 1971. “The taxonomy and Biology of a New Species of Nacobbus (Hoplolaimidae: Nematoda) Found Parasitizing Spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.) in Texas”. Ph.D. Thesis Submitted at the Graduate College of Texas A & M University (1971)142- 148.Print. Canto-Sáenz, M. “Life Cycle and Pathogenicity of Nacobbus aberrans.” European Society of Nematologists. Nematropica 34(1992):136.Print. Manzanilla-López, R. H., and O. A. Pérez-Vera. “Survival of Dehydration and Infectivity of the Developmental Stages of Nacobbus aberrans” Nematropica (1999):69-83.Print Manzanilla-López, R. H., M. Pluma-Contreras, and E. López-Martínez. “Dehydration Tolerance and Infectivity of Juveniles and Egg Masses of Nacobbus aberrans (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae).” Nematropica 30(200):136.Print. Schuster, M. L., R. Sandstedt, and L. W. Estes. “Host-Parasite Relations of Nacobbus batatiformis and the Sugar beet and Other Hosts”. Journal of the American Society of Sugar Beet Technology 6(1965.): 523-537.Print. Schuster, M. L., L. W. Estes, and S. A. Tolin. “Electron Microscopy of the Nebraska Rootgalling Nematode, Nacobbus batatiformis, and Syncytia in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) Roots.” Fitopatologia Brasileira 4(1979):401-415. Sher, S. A. “Revision of the Genus Nacobbus” .Journal of Nematology 39.2 (1970):228- 235.Print. Sher, S. A., and A. H. Bell. “Scanning Electron Micrographs of the Anterior Region of Some Species of Tylenchoidea (Tylenchida: Nematoda).” Journal of Nematology 7 (1975):69- 83.Print. Thorne, G. “On the Classification of the Tylenchida, New Order.” Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash., D.C. 16 (1949): 37-73.Print. Thorne, G. D., and M. L. Schuster. Nacobbus batatiformis n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae), Producing Galls on the Roots of Sugar Beets and Other Plants. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 23(1956):128-134.Print. Yañez-juárez, G. et al. “Management of Wilting (Phytophthora capsici Leo), Root Galling (Nacobbus aberrans Thorne & Allen) and Virosis in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).” Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia 19(2001):40-48. Yañez-Juárez, G. M. “Manejo de la marchitez (Phytophthora capsici Leo.). Agallamiento radical (Nacobbus aberrans Thorne y Allen) y virosis del chile (Capsicum annuum L.).” Tesis, Maestro en Ciencias. Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo (1997) 61-65 Read More