The Planning and Installation of the CCTV - Term Paper Example

Surveillance Report (Name of the student) (Name of the Institution) (Date of submission) Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Executive summary 3 1.0 Introduction 3 1.1 Planning and Installation 4 1.2 Statement of the problem 6 1.3 Stakeholders 7 1.4 Risk Assessment 7 1.5 Establishing the success criteria 7 1.6 Establishing the most effective solution 8 2.0 Operational requirement level II 8 3.0 Technical design of the CCTV 10 3.1 Lighting system 10 3.2 Cameras types 11 3.3 The aperture lens 12 3.4 The camera shutter 12 3.5 Sensor 12 3.6 Field of View (FoV) 13 3.7 The Pan –Tilt- Zoom Cameras 13 4.0 Transmission 13 5.0 Recording process 14 6.0 Conclusion 14 Bibliography 15 Executive summary Surveillance as a concept and management tool is described as elementary building block of all human societies, a form of power, representative and technological development. The origin of video surveillance can be traced back in early 1950 with increase in communication and technology. The growth in urban centers leads to the increase in need to secure the cities hence the growth and use of CCTV. This paper discusses the planning and installation of the CCTV. In process of planning, CCTV system in a building, there are some four key steps which must be followed. In the installation process, the initial step is to define the problem which the area or the building is experiencing. The paper discuses the main component of CCTV system and how the gold room may be protected from theft. 1.0 Introduction Budka, Deshpande, & Thottan (2014) defines surveillance as a concept and management tool is described as elementary building block of all human societies, a form of power, representative and technological development. Sagun, Anumba & Bouchlaghem (2014) states that surveillance can either be private or public and one of the most common form of the surveillance is video surveillance also known as closed circuit television (CCTV). This is a technology that uses cameras which are strategically placed either in public or private places and is mostly used in preventing crimes. The origin of video surveillance can be traced back in early 1950 with increase in communication and technology. The growth in urban centers leads to the increase in need to secure the cities hence the growth and use of CCTV (Carmona, 2014). This paper discusses the planning and installation of the CCTV. 1.1 Planning and Installation In process of installation planning of CCTV system in a building, there are some four key steps which must be followed. In the installation process, the initial step is to define the problem which the area or the building is experiencing. The safety issue or the place vulnerability needs to be clearly explained and this stage is known as operational requirement (OR) level 1. The security manager should consider whether installation of CCTV is the best solution to address the present concerns (Carmona, 2014). After developing the problem framework, the next step is to start analyzing specific issues that relates to the CCTV development system. This is called operational requirement second level in the development of CCTV security management system. This area further involve defining major areas of concerns, be able to have full understanding of the operational issues and make the most appropriate system requirements and concerns and lastly identify any managerial implications of the new system (Sagun, Anumba & Bouchlaghem, 2014). In the third step, more detailed and technical specification for the CCTV system is developed. The more detailed information concerning design is provided in this step. Information concerning the camera specification is provided in this section, the compression effect on the image quality and the guidance on how to estimate the storage capacity should be incorporated in this section. The final stage is where the project follows up is done and normally takes place after installation of the system (Jenkins, Baker & Harvey, 2014). Operational requirement in building CCTV The initial step, which has been done in this report, is the site plan. There is need to draw a site plan where one need to mark places which needs installation. The essential details can be includes in the plan to help in insertion of illuminations and cameras more particularly with respect to the field of view and the possible ecological difficulties, which may be encountered during installation (Sagun, Anumba & Bouchlaghem, 2014). The site plan is shown in the appendix pdf. 1.2 Statement of the problem The potential problem is to prevent theft, unauthorized entry in the c gold room. The potential problems are clearly marked in the site plan. It is then used by the designing in visualizing the magnitude of the issue under analysis and intensity of coverage. Areas under focus include areas like the entrance and exit point; checkout areas should be well covered with the CCTV. This will be strategically placed to help in monitoring the flow of people in and out of the room as this will help in controlling theft in the gold room (Goodfellow, Wortley & Azapagic, 2014). 1.3 Stakeholders Before the installation of the CCTV, there is need to involve all stakeholders. This is very essential more especially when the installation is more complex and involves different stakeholders. They should be well consulted before installation and their acceptance and approval is necessary in all stages in implementing this project (Goodfellow, Wortley & Azapagic, 2014). 1.4 Risk Assessment Siergiejczyk, Paś & Rosiński (2014) states that in all projects, there is need to assess all the risk which involve in the implementing project. The most realistic likelihood of the activity happening needs to be established, risk are classified as either low, medium or high. 1.5 Establishing the success criteria The success criteria needs to be established these include Prevention of theft of damage Intruder identification Improvement of inflow and outflow traffic Crime deterring The system success will be established using different combination of factors including how efficient the system performs its intended purpose and how well it meets the operations requirement set up in the initial stage. 1.6 Establishing the most effective solution Park et al (2013) states that after defining the problem and areas of interest are well marked in the plan as shown in the plan, the project teams can the carryout valuation on the most effective solution. Installing CCTV can be only one of the possible solutions that can be considered in boosting the security of the building (Siergiejczyk, Paś & Rosiński, 2014). 2.0 Operational requirement level II Most CCTV system is normally designed to monitor human activity. The use of CCTV is wide and includes crowd control to security management. In this case, the design has been developed to be improved (Pelletier et al., 2013). Monitor and Control: - The monitor screen should have height of about 5% with unduly cluttered screen portrait. With the screen level, one will be able to monitor the movement of people including their movement (Gilbertson & Hayes, 2012). Detection: The figure should occupy at least 10% of the available screen height; this gives a wider view with more clear pictures (Gilbertson & Hayes, 2012). Observer: the design should occupy a larger percentage of around 25 to 30%. This will be a more appropriate for more detailed observation and is more sufficiently wider (Pikaar, 2013). The observer plays a very important role since the camera alone will not deter crime from happening but the observer is the one who will alert the security officials (Goodfellow, Wortley & Azapagic, 2014). Recognize: when the image figure occupies a minimum of 50 of the screen height viewers. The observers can say with high level of certainty whether or not an individual shown is the same as the one shown before (Goodfellow, Wortley & Azapagic, 2014). Identification: when the figures occupy at least 100% of the screen height picture quality and detail should be sufficient to enable the identity of an individual to be established beyond reasonable doubt (Curtis et al., 2013). The monitor or detection categories that may be suitable for covering a wide area such as the car park within the building, it should be noted that the observer category is very useful in areas where it is essential to monitor a group of individual such as night clubs but not very useful in the kind of the project we intend to put up (Goodfellow, Wortley & Azapagic, 2014). 3.0 Technical design of the CCTV The figure below illustrate the components of the intended CCTV Control 3.1 Lighting system Having overall control on how the locations will be lightened, a humble sympathetic of light bases and the levels, as well as scene difference. This will help in ensuring that the installed system does to the best of its aptitude. When designing CCTV, it is very important to maintain suitable light level over the area which is being monitored (Robbins & Isbister, 2014). The minimum light level needed normally depend on the type of activity being monitored. There are cameras that are able to work under very low levels as low as 3 lux2 figures which are generally considered as the minimum for security purposes (Kao et al., 2013). There are times when artificial light may be required to maintain an effective visibility level. Externally, this could imply that the use of floodlights, which may already be present as a public safety or security measures (Robbins & Isbister, 2014). 3.2 Cameras types There are several types of CCTV cameras that can be use they include; Bullet Pan –tilt zoom Dome Indoor Outdoor Professional Vandal resistant Color and Covert There are two main components of the cameras irrespective of the type chosen. These are lenses and a sensor. These two elements determine the capability of the cameras and the image resolution, field view and its low light level performance capability. Another important factors that needs to be considered is the position of the camera, the invention of the internet protocol and wireless technology, this brings an issue with the way camera transmits its images to the core system of the camera (Robbins & Isbister, 2014). 3.3 The aperture lens This is the lens which emphases the image onto the camera sensor if often bought distinctly from the camera. In case it is imperative to ensure that the two are compatible both in terms of lens amount and the sensor coverage (Wenhui, 2013). The lens which in mixture with the camera sensors dictates the field of view produced by the system which is normally ranges from a wide angle to telephoto. The camera aperture is normally set of blades that bodily control the amount of light that can enters the sensor. Its main function is like that of iris of an eye and sometimes is called an iris (Sharp et al., 2013) 3.4 The camera shutter There some cameras that have electronic shutter which performs the same function as camera shutter. Video cameras without a user controlled shutter, the sensor is able to collect data for 1/25th of second in the PAL system or 1/30th of second in the NTSC system (Sharp et al., 2013). 3.5 Sensor The camera sensor is a small device which is used to records the scene view with current cameras having either CCD or CMOS sensor. There are sensors of different sizes which can change the field of view and different pixel densities which have an impact on the resolution (Sharp et al., 2013). 3.6 Field of View (FoV) It is also called angle of view or the angle of coverage. The FoV is the quantity of a given scene captured by the camera (Yang & Qiu, 2014). There are three crucial elements that define the FoV; the lens and sensor element within the camera and where this unit is normally positioned in relation to the scene. It should be noted that a large FoV normally results in any target object being relatively small in comparison to that shown by camera with a small FoV (Fu et al., 2014). 3.7 The Pan –Tilt- Zoom Cameras As one of the alternative to the fixed view cameras, it may be beneficial to use a camera with a pan tilt zoom (PTZ) capability (Kanniga, Selvaramarathnam & Sundararajan, 2013). This kind of property gives the operator the ability to cover a wide area but also the chances to zoom in to the focus on an incident wherever it occurs within the original field of view, providing greater detail and assisting with identification of the subject (Chen, Liu, & Peng, 2012). 4.0 Transmission The last key component of the CCTV is the technology used to transmit the video signal from one point to another (Bennis, Landman & Lenior, 2014). There is quite an increasing array of option available, moving away from the traditional standard analogue coaxial capable solution and sometimes more thought is require to be given to the choice of transmission method. When designing the transmission process, the designer should understand the process and make wise selection of the process (Jenkins, Baker & Harvey, 2014). 5.0 Recording process In several cases, CCTV systems are used as a deterrent or for live monitoring, with the recorded image quality being a secondary consideration. The system should not be based on the analogue system but should be well equipped with current technology (Carmona, 2014). In the design, the broadcasting frame for recording video should be 25 per seconds, however, CCTV recorded in time lapse mode; frame rates of 6 to 12 fps are more common. In this particular design, we recommend the initial frame of 25 fps (Jenkins, Baker & Harvey, 2014). 6.0 Conclusion The main objective of CCTV design is to ensure that all the working requirements are fully met (Bennis, Landman & Lenior, 2014). The CCTV designer should safeguard that design specification should be developed to incorporate equipment specifications for each item that made up CCTV system. Before commissioning CCTV system, it is very crucial to verify that all the functions are well specified in the operational requirements and all the requirements meets the required standards. In order to achieve the best value for CCTV system, it is important to carryout system audit and benchmarked regularly as part of the system audit. This goes hand in hand with system validation and starting o the system. Bibliography Bennis, A., Landman, R., & Lenior, D. (2014) CCTV mediated observation versus non-mediated observation: investigating perceived image quality with different test systems. In Human Factors in Organisational Design and Management Conference in. Budka, K., Deshpande, J., & Thottan, M. (2014). An Overview of Smart Grid Network Design Process. In Communication Networks for Smart Grids (pp. 169-207). Springer London. Budka, K. C., Deshpande, J. G., & Thottan, M. (2014). An Overview of Smart Grid Network Design Process. In Communication Networks for Smart Grids (pp. 169-207). Springer London. Carmona, M. (2014). The Place-shaping Continuum: A Theory of Urban Design Process. Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 2-36. Chen, Z., Liu, C., & Peng, M. (2012). Application of Composite Slabs with Hot Rolled Steel Plate in CCTV Main Building. Shigong Jishu/Construction Technology, 41(5). Curtis, S., Gesler, W., Wood, V., Spencer, I., Mason, J., Close, H., & Reilly, J. (2013). Compassionate containment? Balancing technical safety and therapy in the design of psychiatric wards. Social Science & Medicine, 97, 201-209. Fu, D., Jiang, Z., Cui, Y., & Jhang, S. T. (2014). New fast algorithm for optimal design of block digital filters by skew-cyclic convolution. IET Signal Processing, 8(6), 633-638. Gilbertson, A., & Hayes, A. (2012). Engineering to reduce crime and disorder in public places. Proceedings of the ICE-Municipal Engineer, 165(3), 175-183. Goodfellow, M., Wortley, J., & Azapagic, A. (2014). A system design framework for the integration of public preferences into the design of large infrastructure projects. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 92(6), 687-701. Jenkins, D., Baker, L., & Harvey, C. (2014). A practical approach to evaluating train cabs against task requirements. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 0954409714555534. Kanniga, E., Selvaramarathnam, K., & Sundararajan, M. (2013). Embedded Control using Mems Sensor with Voice Command and CCTV Camera. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 6(6), 4794-4796. Kao, T., Lee, Y., Lin, Y., Wu, K., & Hwang, L., (2013). Design of video surveillance in wireless router. In Next-Generation Electronics (ISNE), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on (pp. 287-290). IEEE. Park, E., Jeon, M., Eo, Y., Kang, B. K., & Pyeon, M., (2013). Design of Residence-friendly, U-Police Service Prototype based on CCTV.Journal of Convergence Information Technology, 8(5). Pelletier, S., Suss, J., Vachon, F., & Tremblay, S. (2015). Atypical Visual Display for Monitoring Multiple CCTV Feeds. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1145-1150). ACM. Pikaar, R., (2013). Human Factors Guidelines for the design of CCTV-systems. Human Factors Research Group NL, p/a Enschede: ErgoS Engineering & Ergonomics. Robbins, H., & Isbister, K. (2014). Pixel Motion: A Surveillance Camera-Enabled Public Digital Game. Sagun, A., Anumba, C., & Bouchlaghem, D. (2014). Safety Issues in Building Design to Cope with Extreme Events: Case Study of an Evacuation Process. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 20(3). Sharp, H., Lotz, N., Blyth, R., Woodroffe, M., Rajah, D., & Ranganai, T. (2013). A protocol study of novice interaction design behaviour in Botswana: solution-driven interaction design. In Proceedings of the 27th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference (p. 18). British Computer Society. Siergiejczyk, M., Paś, J., & Rosiński, A. (2014). Evaluation of Safety of Highway CCTV System’s Maintenance Process. In Telematics-Support for Transport (pp. 69-79). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wenhui, Z. (2013). Koolhaas and CCTV: A Luxurious Entertainment Drama [J]. New Architecture, 2, 030. Yang, X., & Qiu, Q. (2014). A CCTV Lens Robot with Four DOFs for Object Searching. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 490, 1146-1150. Read More