Using and interpreting statistics - Essay Example

Order 204473 INTRODUCTION Using and Interpreting Statistics Statistics or data is synonymous to informational figures that can be derived from investigatory processes and whose meanings can be interpreted after analysis. Modern Medicine employs biostatistics; a procedural technique that will allow practitioners to work with valid findings for sheer system of interpretation, appraisal and management. In addition, the development in electronic technology enhances the manipulation of such informational data for close to precise clinical assessments and supervisions. Material and Methods Informational data from a study associated with childhood diabetes, informational data from a heart and lung surgery, and informational data from transfusion orthopaedic surgery were collected, tabulated and statistically treated with 95% confidence interval, risk ratio, probability, chi square, mean, standard deviation, standard error, and regression Results Question 1 The rejection group has a rate of four (4) or thirteen point thirty three percent (13.33%) gene A. On the other hand, the sure group has a rate of fourteen (14) or forty six point sixty seven percent (46.67); hence there are minimal numbers of diabetics with gene A. The Sensitivity reading of gene A is equal to 0.22222; hence respondents with gene A and true gene A rate is small. Specificity is equal to 0.38095, about one third of the probability of without gene A. So, there is a thirty percent or zero point thirty probability of gene A, the risk of gene A, its estimated probability. The exposed cases probability is 0.4667, while the exposed in control while the probability is 0.1333. The total exposed has 0.3000, with 95% confidence, and an interval of 1.410185 to 27.15574 which include unknown mean . a) The research design used is randomized controlled trial, entailing random allocation of different interventions to the patiens. . b) Using proportion statistics treatment of the informational data on Table 2, the risk of childhood diabetes for individuals with gene A compared with those without gene A can be designed. c) The informational data substantiates Ho: gene "A" is associated with childhood diabetes because fourteen or 46.67 percent representing minimal numbers of diabetics with gene A meant a Sensitivity study 0.22222. So, the small number of respondents with gene A is found with Specificity 0.38095, almost one third of the probability of without gene A. Therefore, 30% or 0.30 probability of gene A in childhood, the risk of gene A, its estimated probability. d) The research intends discovering the possibility of gene "A" being associated with childhood diabetes. Results showed diabetics under the rejection group was rated 4, having 13.33 percent gene A present, while the sure group was rated 14, or 46.67 percent. So, there are insignificant numbers of diabetics with gene A. The Sensitivity gene A is 0.22222, meaning patient with gene A and true gene A rate is small, Specificity is 0.38095, roughly one third the probability of without gene A. Therefore 30% or 0.30 probability is the risk of gene A, its estimated probability. The exposed cases probability of 0.4667 and the probability of the exposed control 0.1333, has a rate of 0.3000 with 95% confidence and interval 1.410185 to 27.15574 with the unknown mean . Question 2 Within four years of hearts and lungs transplantations, a total of 138 organs were received. Out of this, 97 hearts were transplanted or 70.29 percent, and 41 Lungs or 29.71 percent. This means that there were more hearts transplanted than lungs. Negative skew or skewed to the left is indicated by mean value of 46.48454, which is lower than median (50) and median is lower than mode (59). This also means a longer left tail, extreme low scores with low frequency. This implies that there were more adult recipients of heart transplant than young adults. The distribution of the lungs organ in age at transplant was group into smallest and largest. The grouping showed that it skewed to the left or negatively skewed. The mean 49.56098 is lower than median 53 and median is lower than mode 59. This implies that there was more adults' recipient of lungs transplant than the young adult. The summary of the distribution of the hearts and lungs organ in age at transplant reveals that majority of the age at transplant of Hearts and lungs organ were lying on largest, which means that there were more adults who needed organ transplant than young adults. It can be gleaned from the table that there were 86 male who received heart organ or 88.66 percent while female just received 11 heart organs or 11.34 percent, while for lungs organ 22 male received the organ or 53.66 percent have lung transplant while 19 female or 46.34 percent have lung transplant. This means that majority of the heart and lungs organ transplant were received by male. The table shows that the creatinine level at heart transplant was group into smallest and largest. The grouping shows that it is skewed to the right or positively skewed. The mean (114.5362) is greater than median (107) and median is greater than mode (68). This means that the level of creatinine was lying on smallest group. This implies that creatinine at heart transplant was maintained at approximately 14 to 26 mg/kg/day well within normal level indicative of regular excretory kidney functions. It ca be gleaned from the table that the creatinine level during lungs transplant was grouped into smallest and largest. The grouping shows that it is skewed to the right or positively skewed. The mean (90.65625) is greater than median (87) and median is greater than mode (67). This means that the level of creatinine was lying on smallest group. This implies that creatinine at lungs transplant was well within normal level or approximately 14 to 26 mg/kg/day well within normal level indicative of regular excretory kidney functions. It can be seen in the table that there were sixty nine (69) heart organs received, found no complication after surgery or approximately seventy one percent (71.13%) while twenty eight (28) heart organ or twenty eight point eighty seven percent (28.87%) were found to have complications after surgery. And in terms of lungs organ received there were thirty two (32) or seventy eight percent (78%) were found no complication after surgery. However there were 9 lungs organ has a complication after surgery or approximately twenty one point ninety five percent (21.95%). This means that two third (2/3)of the heart and lungs organ received after surgery have no complications, however, one third (1/3) had complication. This means that there is ratio of survival was two is to one (2:1). The Lungs mean value of 0.2195122 is inside the range of the confidence interval of 0.0928145 and 0.3462098.This means that we can accept the null hypothesis. On the other hand, the hearts mean value of 0.2886598 is inside the range of the confidence interval of 0.1984832 and 0.3788364. This means that we can accept the null hypothesis. Question 3 a) There were nine hundred seventy one (971) patients undergoing primary hip replacement required allogenic transfusion. b) There were 188 patients who required both autologous and allogeneic transfusion. This can be proven by the overall rate of allogeneic transfusion which was nine percent (9%) and in overall rate of autologous transfusion which was seventy five point five percent (75.5%) in patients who pre-donated. c) Yes, the 9.8gL-1 difference is statistically significant. d) It is clear that the N was only 2041 which is supposedly 2042 from table 2 page 89 or it can be 2045 which is from the abstract page 87(2233-188). Based from table 3 the error arose when the N value of No ABD( 850 + 103 + 1005 + 72 = 2030) were summed up, and when the N of ABD were summed up, the total was 187 (121 + 10 + 56). e) Yes it was because in simple linear regression the requirement is only two predictors, thus, in this case considering the number of predictors, multiple regression modeling is fit. f) In any stepwise procedure, first, one must not forget the significant test at every level. For example, five percent (5%) or 0.05 probability of rejecting one null hypothesis is larger than five percent (5%). In order to prevent including variables that do not have a say to the discriminatory power of the model in the population, spell out a smaller significance level. Most applications however have all variables considered as having discriminatory power notwithstanding size. When choosing for an appropriate model, lookout alongside estimating more parameters than can be reliably estimated with a given sample size. While univariate analysis is an examination with two groups of independent variable and one dependent variable using t test and analysis of variance. g) The highest probability of transfusion was in revision hip which has a ratio of 5.4 while there were 2.2 risk ratios on primary hip, and on Knee, 1 risk ratio. h) The patient with age 77 has greater risk with a value of 1.8 compared to age 67 which has a risk ratio or probability of transfusion value of 1. i) When the coefficient is greater the risk ratio is also greater. This means that they are directly proportional. j) Validation Set Predicted probability N % transfusion 0.10 0.17 0.04 0.20 0.36 0.17 0.30 0.22 0.26 0.40 0.03 0.04 0.50 0.08 0.15 0.60 0.03 0.07 0.70 0.04 0.10 0.80 0.02 0.07 0.90 0.02 0.07 1.00 0.01 0.03 1.10 1.00 1.00 k) In a rating scale of 1 to 10, I would say 1 or dreadful because figures are not consistent making the research unreliable. For example in the abstract, the total number of samples 2233 is not consistent with the given figures on table 3. This should not happen because as a researcher, one should be familiar with accuracy and precision on reflecting correct figures as data collected for analysis to avoid further bias in estimations other than the level of error chosen to be tolerated Conclusions and Discussions Based on the findings of the study, the researcher came up with the following conclusions: 1.) There are minimal numbers of diabetics with gene A. The Sensitivity of the study of gene A is equal to 0.22222, which means that the patient with gene A and true gene A rate is quite low. Specificity is equal to 0.38095. This is almost one third of the probability of without gene A in health and true negative rate. The findings reveal that there is a 30% or 0.30 probability of gene A. This is also called the risk of gene A or the estimated probability. The probability of the exposed cases is equal to 0.4667 while the probability of the exposed control is equal to 0.1333. The total of exposed respondents has a value of 0.3000. With 95% confidence, the interval 1.410185 to 27.15574 contains the unknown mean . 2.) It can be seen in the table that there were sixty nine (69) heart organs received, found no complication after surgery or approximately seventy one percent (71.13%) while twenty eight (28) heart organ or twenty eight point eighty seven percent (28.87%) were found to have complications after surgery. And in terms of lungs organ received there were thirty two (32) or seventy eight percent (78%) were found no complication after surgery. However there were 9 lungs organ has a complication after surgery or approximately twenty one point ninety five percent (21.95%). This means that two third (2/3)of the heart and lungs organ received after surgery have no complications, however, one third (1/3) had complication. This means that there is ratio of survival was two is to one (2:1). The Lungs mean value of 0.2195122 is inside the range of the confidence interval of 0.0928145 and 0.3462098.This means that we can accept the null hypothesis. On the other hand, the hearts mean value of 0.2886598 is inside the range of the confidence interval of 0.1984832 and 0.3788364. This means that we can accept the null hypothesis. c) In a rating scale of 1 to 10, I would say 1 or dreadful because figures are not consistent making the research unreliable. Works Cited Bhandari, Mohit et al. 2001. Meta-Analyses in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Systematic Review of Their Methodologies. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 83:15. Feagan et al. 2001. Transfusion Practice in Elective Orthopaedic Surgery: Medicine. London Clinical Trials Research Group, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada. feagan@lctrg.com. 11, 87-95. Loong, T-W. 2003. Understanding Sensitivity and Specificity with the Right Side of the Brain, BMJ: 327 716-719. Lurie JD, Sox HC. 1999. Spine update: Principles of Medical Decision Making. Spine 24:493-8. R. Rivas and F. Shapiro. 2002. Structural Stages in the Development of the Long Bones and Epiphyses : A Study in the New Zealand White Rabbit J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 84(1): 85 - 100. . Read More