Analysis of Sport and Community Organization in the 21st century - Literature review Example

Sports Literature Review: Austerely K, in his work, “Sport and Community Organization in the 21st century” states that, the facts concerning the benefits of sports contribution to the sports world is not quite strong because of its non sectarian nature. Studies on sports participation are characteristically based on self-report data from individuals and stakeholders implicated in sport programs. They are likely to have a faith in the value of sports and in sports personnel, and not on any a judgment group. However, qualitative data from focus groups suggest that sport is necessary for the harmonious blending of cross cultural groups from urban and rural areas. From the information that in Australia, children aged 15 and above, and who constitute nearly 84% of the population, took portion sports and recreational activities in 2005, point out to the relevance of developing stronger communities across the globe and all over Australia in particular. Participation in sport and recreation results in various social benefits, including better self- esteem, self-confidence, identity in the community, and greater community cohesion, pride and rights. Reduced anti-social behaviour, crime and social segregation have also been reported and this indicates the relevance of sports In a survey conducted in country towns in northern Western Australia, the mainstream of people surveyed suggest that sports is the ideal way to uphold social interactions. Sport is seen as the chief way to maintain social conducts with diverse groups in society, and it helps in endorsing a sense of identity in the society. Sport was also a means to receive newcomers to the spot. A feasibility study inhabitants of two populated towns in Victoria prove that sports and recreation have helped a lot in the feasibility and sustainability of the communities. Sport and procreative actions sustained the communities. (Autherley k, 2006) “The elderly also stands benefited considerably from increased physical activity both in terms of quality of life and the health outcomes. Physical activity, typically declines with age, age associated illness further contributes to a decline in activity among the elderly ones”. Alan J Christensen, Rene martin and Joshua Morrison, (2000)” (Christensen et al. 193). According to Chau J, in the vocation of physical activities and constructing stronger, sport is not merely about competitive pathways which eventually guide to elite presentation. For the spare time versions of their sports give promise of enlarged membership, improved pools of volunteers, greater commercial odes and there are likely to be resultant flow on logical, thoughts some times surprisingly hard to achieve. Boards regularly have members on them who played the sport to the utmost level and may not have the necessary perspective to see the big picture of mass participation. Moreover, the present government financial support models promote a focus on elite sport. (Chau J, 2009) The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 2001.reports that there had been a wide range of opinion concerning the significance of sports and that health experts have understood that sports play a decisive part in a child’s overall education. It can develop body alertness and assist a child in developing healthy habits at an early age. There is also some indication on the prospect that participation in physical education improves attentiveness and presentation in academic courses. Furthermore, such groups offer a chance to address broader health and safety issues and make sure that all children, including those with disabilities, have an opportunity to take part in sport. Despite knowing the importance of sports, it was never seen in the priority list of curriculum departments schools and university which function with limited resources. From the report disclosed by the international agency (ICSSPE) it is obvious that the narrowing of corporeal instruction is almost universal. (IDB, 2001). Sport is an activity that makes any individual feel good. To observe children engaged in sports and other recreational activities itself offers delight to human minds and the sight provokes positive responses from observers. But the sheer fact that a program utilizes sport as an apparatus, or that the participants gain amusement through them, does not make the program effectual or justifiable of possessing scarce resources. Implementers and donors need to carefully scrutinize sports programs, as they guarantee specific aims and plans that direct to the execution of those objectives. They need to check if the programs are cost-effective and that they stick to the peak standards of development practice. “Heil, J Bowman JJ& bean B (1993) patient management and sports medicine team, Psychology of sports injury (237-249). This makes the case for the sports medicine professional’s involvement in the psychological care of injured athlete. Suggestions for the identification of common psychological problems experienced by injured athletes are provided” (Alexandria). Mr. Ogi and Ms. Carol Bellamy, Executive Director of UNICEF, 2001 It was decided that the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace would confer the experiences and coaching lessons learned as well as make recommendations regarding the utilization of sports by UN programs. Even though sport has the ability to bring people together, if not executed with caution, sport activities can at times split people. When sporting activities are given less publicity, or when it is organized by those who lack good experience or assurance, social or cultural stereotypes and hypothesis, the people are impacted in a negative way. Some groups of people are not likely to participate in sports activities unless a lively effort is made to involve them. This tends to be particularly true in case of physically challenged individuals as well as females in general. In some parts of the world, people are obstructed from participating in sports or such activities due to ethnic, religious, or cultural factors. “There is a range of ways in which the sports injury research has been undertaken and reported across the globe, resulting in a significant volume of published research traditionally however sports related researches have taken individual routes to classify conditions and defining exposures and outcomes this has resulted in a major differences in the definitions and classifications of diagnosis in playing and injury exposures and in obtaining good health outcomes”(Quinette Louw and Karen Grimmer,2000)” (Ergen et al). Sport programs are necessitates that implementers take care of. They also try to invoke active participation through such programs. Program planning should engross all key stakeholders, along with impending participants, and should exclusively address how to increase the participation of women, girls, and people with physical disabilities, or others who may normally be marginalized. This means taking into account which activities will be most appealing and will fit the diverse groups of people, what times and locations will be convenient, what types of unique apparatus or aid might be required, whether or not special or separate training might be required and how to reach out to potential participants and get them implicated. Similarly, in monitoring and screening programs, it is essential to examine the participation, detect the reasons why certain sections are excluded from the programs and find out whether the organizers have failed in persuading their inclusion. “Sport Psychology research has developed and expanded considerably over the last decade or two. Its accelerating volume of research output embraces a wide variety of topics having both academic and practical impact, and relating to other areas of Sports Science and also the broader overall discipline of 'mainstream' psychology. In this busy and developing arena, the healthy and productive evolution of a research topic requires the periodic summarization, reflection, and feedback that is the domain of the literature review” (Hanton & Mellalieu par. 1). Suinn, R. M. Body proffers accepted wisdom for Olympic champs and it can be seen that the specialized field of sports psychology has urbanized quickly in recent years. The magnitude of a sports psychologist as a fundamental constituent in training and taking care of the health of participants is greatly recognized. Sports psychologists can instruct skills to aid athletes, boost their learning process and motor skills, cope with cutthroat pressures, fine tune the level of knowledge needed for most favorable performance, and stay focused amongst various distractions during the time spent as a team as well as in the competitive background. Psychological guidance should be a basic part of an athlete’s holistic training process and should be passed out in conjunction with other training rudiments. This is best devised through mutual effort from the coach, the sport psychologist, and the athlete. However, a well-informed and interested coach can study fundamental psychological talents and convey them to the athlete, especially through actual practice. (Suinn,1980) Bairner, A. (1996). Sportive Nationalism and Nationalist Politics: A Proportional Analysis of Scotland, the Republic of Ireland and Sweden. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 20(3), 314-335. This article strives for a superior understanding of the affiliation between sport and nationalism. The research questions include: 1) What types of relationships survive among sportive nationalism and national politics in different settings? 2) What role does sport play in the structure of national identities? 3) To what degree can sportive nationalism be at odds with political nationalism? Case studies in Scotland, the Republic of Ireland, and Sweden were conducted. The foremost conclusive idea that the author got from the research conducted in Ireland and Scotland was that issues of national identity are greatly political in nature, it is impractical to build a cohesive sportive nationalism. In Sweden, however, national identity is less of a political issue, thus, resulting in better possibility for the growth of an inclusive sportive nationalism. It is said that sport’s ability to aid in building national identities is destabilized by the fact that sport is also closely comprised of divisive elements, which affects even a monolithic society. Buchanan further argues that it is imperative to discriminate ‘true sportive nationalism and the process by which political nationalists hunt to make use of sport, also for the official reason of empowering the nation-state or for the unofficial purpose of demanding the existing order. According to Sport Scotland in 2001, “Sport and Ethnic Minorities: Aiming at Social Inclusion” by Scott Porter Research and Marketing Ltd was published by Sport Scotland in 2001. It aims to provide an insightful and actionable strategy that will eliminate the current barriers to sports participation amongst people from ethnic minority backgrounds” (Larkin). Black, D. R., & Van Der Westhuizen, J. (2004). The Glamor of Global Games for 'Semi- Peripheral' Polities and Spaces: A Research Agenda. Third World Quarterly, 25(7), 1195-1214. This paper argues that “international sport and major games intersect pivotally with core themes in worldwide studies of identity, disparity and, above all, power”. Major global sporting events, such as the Olympics and Soccer World Cup, have a strange aptitude to spawn forcefully emotional experiences. These procedures are socio-cultural touchstones that have the power to “cause otherwise sober people to suspend their critical faculties on a mass basis” and “point to both the appeal and elusiveness of sport as a political force” (National Identity and Sport: An Annotated Bibliography 8). The main dispute to rationalize the costs and risks occupied is that these main events bring major developmental, political and socio-cultural profits to the host. On another level, these proceedings are used by various dissenters and social forces to go ahead with their individual reasons by emphasizing the costs of chances and to fetch attention to issues regarding injustice, inequity as well as background. To succeed in these competitions, nations seek to establish a national status as a brand to magnetize assets and migration. To host an elevated profile for an intercontinental event in authoritarian or frail democratic regimes, offers the opportunity to showcase the country and to “demonstrate its ‘acceptability’ to the international community.” Concerning identity structure and signaling, international sporting events generate an intense “we feeling” amongst supporters and community, whether it be in a city, region, ethnic group or population. The article concludes, “international sport is intimately implicated in core theoretical themes in international relations –remarkably identity, inequality and, above all, a more nuanced and influential outset of power” (National Identity and Sport: An Annotated Bibliography). Bogdanov, D. (2005). Measuring Nationalism as a Sport Fan Motive. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee. “The literature shows a clear trend to support the fact that closed chains should precede any progressions to open chains, but most of the research has been conducted using the lower limb, (Cohen, 2011). The open chain exercises for strengthening flexion, extension, pronation and suplination are essential to regain high-velocity dynamic movements of the elbow that are required for sports type activities. (Prentice, 2004)” (Comfort & Abrahamson 357). Abundant variables have been originated to influence sport utilization. However, to investigate and examine nationalism as a symbol is yet to be fully examined. The purpose of this study is to widen a scale to measure nationalism as a motive for sport fan expenditure. The seven items in the scale are: 1) Watching the national team provides a sense of link with the fellow countryman. 2) Watching the football team offers a sense of belonging to the nation. 3) Reading about the team provides a sense of belonging to the nation. 4) Reading about the national team because also gives me a sense of self-importance. 5) Talking about the football team is one way to express national pride that an individual has and feels. 6) Watching the football team gives an emotion of national pride that cannot be received from any other activity. 7) When the national team plays, the citizen cannot help but feel immensely proud “Two psychologists at Durham University, Charles Wood and John Aggleton, think that the advantage is more likely tactical than neurological. They claim that with a large enough sample of world-class tennis results from several years the leftie effect vanishes. However, when Wood and Aggleton analysed cricket yearbooks, they found that a higher proportion of professional cricketers bowled with their left hand - about 20% leading to their theory that the advantage is tactical” (Leading With Their Left...the Advantages for Left-Handers in Sport par. 7). Campos, C. (2003). Beating the Bounds: The Tour de France and National Identity. International Journal of the History of Sport, 20(2), 149-174. According to professor Buchanan, a coach or gym instructor, who currently teaches Health, states “Situations where players were given priority enrollment advantages where they had access to teachers who were favorable to athletes as well as favorable class times," The advantages that sports players are given can be audible anywhere on campus as their whoops and hollers can be heard throughout an otherwise silent library, study room, hallway or computer lab at any given time, all of which is seemingly ignored by faculty” (Serrato par. 6). The essay observes impartially the background of Tour de France and its importance in lifting the national pride of the country. The organizers of this event have given it a name, which will always remain in the nation’s collective memory. The importance of the word tour has distorted from a political meaning to a more common and contemporary one, connected to spare time and traveling. The author highlights the diverse references to the notion of “Tour the France” that can be established in French text and history. Nation states have through various methods endeavored to swap the idea of territory from the scale of the customary agricultural community to the bigger scale of the nation. The national beliefs need to find ways of transposing local values onto a better scale. By analyzing newspaper articles and literary quotations, the author explains the burly link between the sporting event and the prestige of France, giving importance to the fact that the public accepts it as a cultural celebration, along with the idea of watching the riders and that “the estimated five million French citizens who twist out to look at something that they could see enhanced on television, are well conscious that they are participating in a national festivity as much as in a sporting event”. Bibliography Ray, Richard & Bjornstal, Diane M. Wiese. Counseling in Sports Medicine. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. 1999. Web. 23 April 2012. Christensen et al. Encyclopedia of Health Psychology. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, Inc. 2004. Web. 23 April 2012. Comfort, Paul & Abrahamson, Earle. Sports Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention. Wiley-Blackwell. 2010. Web. 23 April 2012. Ergen et al. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. Vlth European Sports Medicine Congress. 2009. Web. 23 April 2012. < http://www.jssm.org/suppls/11/Suppl.11.pdf> Hanton, Sheldon & Mellalieu, Stephen D. Sport Psychology. 2006. Web. 23 April 2012. Larkin, Andrew. Sport and Recreation and Community Building. Literature Review for the NSW Department of the Arts, Sport and Recreation. 2008. Web. 23 April 2012. Leading With Their Left...the Advantages for Left-Handers in Sport. Anything Left Handed. 2000. Web. 23 April 2012. National Identity and Sport: An Annotated Bibliography. The New Zealand Tourism Research Institute. AUT University. 2007. Web. 23 April 2012. Serrato, Cristina. The Advantages of Being an Athlete. Valley Star. 2009. Web. 23 April 2012. Read More