Migration and Economic/Media Development - Essay Example

Sociology Topic: Migration and Economic/Media Development Sociologists posit that persons migrate in following cost-benefit analysis, which economist called a strategy to gain more income from opportunities in destination countries. Nowadays, information about site for migration can be found in social media, online sites, newspapers, broadcast stations. This precipitates the idea that migration is encouraged by the effectiveness of accessible information, specially those countries which offer. Migration theory & economy Migration can be understood from varied perspectives. Neoclassical theory posits that migration is macro migration theories explain migration is part of economic relation between supply and demand of labor. This means that when opportunities are dearth in one country, the tendency is to look outward to other nations which have achieved certain level of affluence. The influx of people from rural communities to urban zones was also explained as a consequence of frustrating poverty in remote villages, thus pulled the agricultural community to urban centers to invest their labor forces in exchange for at least a minimum salary. However, this presumption of a good economy thru market and labor relations permeates the modern sector to grow capital by poaching labor from traditional sector (Hagen-Zanker, 2008) as they were attracted by wages and differentials. Such explained the significant movement of populace from hinterlands to urban centers; from poor countries to rich nations. Sociologists further explained that migration, both in micro level and in macroeconomic underwent series of decision-making process and risk-factors evaluation at the personal level. Priore (1979) meanwhile explain that migration is a result of temporary pull factor of strong labor capital demand in the international market encourage by the status and prestige of well-paid jobs for labor market as extolled by media institutions through companies features and advertisements on television, print and radio stations. Hagen-Zanker (2008) pointed that low pay jobs are considered unattractive by domestic workers and ergo, became attractive for migrants whose countries are considered as not-destination-sites for multinational investments, albeit anent uncertainty and unattractiveness of unfair labor relations in most cases. Corporations also welcome this from a value-precept because skilled labor forces from poor countries can be salaried at a lower rate and migrants sadly remain motivated to work in these low-status jobs (Hagen-Zanker, 2008). As a consequence, the migration introduced demographic changes. Such conjecture based on dual labor market theory, which focused on pull factor, is evident in Europe and the United States. The world systems theory (Wallerstein 1974) of migration, on the other hand, posit on historical bases on peoples movement. Sociologists here argue that people’s displacements due to economic developments, war, or conflict situations and disruptions redefine the economic state of these areas as well as the structural changes in macroeconomic relations since neo-colonialism sets in which tag capitalist expansion of multinationals. Capitalist expansionism has consequential impact to mode of production and to a nation’s culture and to culture as the mode of life drastically changed with the fusion of technological advancement to human lives. Land acquisition, new capitalist agricultural technology and establishment of manufacturing plants systematically displaced and uproot people from their economic base and ultimately change the market dynamisms. This is more pronounced these days as market walls are removed due to globalization. In economically challenged countries, migration is perceived as a vibrant spatial process. Studies about the comprehensive migration interactions explicate the there are numerous factors which push people to migrate. Sociologists argued that there is significance in looking into the international migration as mutually dependent dynamic system, between sending and receiving countries with anent adjustment mechanism inherent in the migration process itself. This is somewhat related to world systems theory as there are interdependent interactions between diverse actors which highlight the vibrant character of migration. In this theory, there is vagueness in logically and scientifically inferring predictions for migration trends. The political structures of a country and of international community have direct influence in the legislation of migration laws and influx of persons from one country to the other. This political side of migration is basically influence by interest groups who are interested with profitability, national identity, multiculturalism, security management, and relational interests. Taking for historical vantage, migration pattern are also persuaded by some policies, institutions e.g. tourism industry, economic considerations, and the developing expansion of borders brought forth by globalization (Hollifield, 2000). Zolberg (1981) pointed that among the economic factors that bolstered migration, in some marginalized countries, is the movement of people to seek for asylum due to political reasons and motivations. Britain and United States of America’s nurturing of multiculturalism was precipitated entrant of people from other countries as refugees. Meanwhile, Zelinsky (1971) posit that the mobility transition in migration is generally a fragment of economic and social changes intrinsic in the modernization growth. This is a functionalist theory of social change which explicate that patterns and rates of migration is caused by modernization or industrialization and demographic factors. The individuation, a departure of communal lifestyle, encourages people to like individual freedom inherent in modernity. Sociologists who look serious interest on human behaviors immigration conjectured that there is value-expectancy (Crawford, 1973) from each migrant who professed that migrants made mindful decision to migrate due to many factors aside from economic considerations. This is because the latent migrant’s intention relies on multiplication of values as migration outcomes. This could maybe relate to wealth autonomy, fulfillment of dreams or wishes or some intentions born out of human being’s rationalization. Hoffmann-Novotny (1981) of migration as part of social system supplements the dual labor market theory. Migration is viewed here as a effect of resolving structural pressure (power) and anominal tensions (prestige). Migrants dream and hope to attain their preferred status in the destination country, although at times, the tensions are transformed instead of reduced. Their success depends on global systems in understanding migration e.g. a migrant from a country has less chance to attain high status in the country of destination. This affirms the reality that migrants are actually positioned at lower stratum especially in matters relating to power relations and income. Exposition to Media & Migration Migration and integration has been reported in variegated ways, depending on the perspective and slant of the journalists. There are times when reports are criticized as sensationalized; others have devoted diversity programs to ensure impartially in reportage. Europe has adopted the latter as a method of showcasing the problems, issues and circumstances of migrants’ people in their country. Civil societies, working for migrants, have also advocated for their rights through radio programs supported by foundations or financial institutions. Reportage or presentation of issues include examination of national policies for migrants; investigation of their socio-economic lives; and about improving the integration program for their welfare. Some journalists union crafted their guidelines on reporting migration e.g. Black Members Council of the National Union of Journalists in Britain. They uphold ethical journalism for quality reporting for the ethnic and migrant communities. Private media outfits are however, challenged to improve their reportage on migration to make it sensitive to their culture, needs and their plight as people from diverse nations, who made emigration as way out from violent circumstances and political repression from their original countries. Civil society engaged with migrants’ employees however acknowledged the need to also better their engagement with media institutions and significantly increase its capacity to present minority and migrants’ plight with essential communication strategies. Such can precipitate creative communicative ways to present their real situation and issues without prejudices, free from unfair coverage, and diagnose their issues with proper political context. Conclusion Migration could be understood from varied vantage: economically, socially, historically, culturally and anthropologically. But in all patterns and systems of migration, it’s understood that individuals made decisions to migrate due to massive empirical factors. Their exposition to the kind of society they live in; the rapid development of global social structures; and the inherent desire of human being to change or improve his or her situation as fraction of family or individual’s strategy to better her or family’s conditions. For instance, a person decides to migrate as influenced by family structure, by practices and influenced by information taken from all sorts of media. From a gender-based perspective, there are women who are compelled to migrate not only to free the self from economic shackles Morokvasic (1984) but also to get married with hope to be free from social, poor rights and absence of protection against domestic violence. The downside of migration however, is that there is massive brain drain as intellectuals and skilled labor forces opted to invest their talents and skills to nations who can offer them an income relatively better than one’s original country; or to companies who can provide them the necessary technology for inventions; or to nations which accord people with better freedom to exploit their creativity in venture management; and to countries which encouraged more individuation as against the nation which repress individual capacity due to cultural structures governing their relations and behaviours. Indeed media institutions have serious influence in an individual’s desire to migrate. The millennium has been characterized as an age of communication and of information technology. Features about the relative affluence of first countries and advertisements about new establishments which necessitate skilled labor forces, influenced to the pull of human resources from one country to the other. 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International Migration, Remittances, and the Brain Drain M. Schiff and Ç. Özden, Palgrave Macmillan Read More