Functionalism and Other Theories in Sociology - Essay Example

Download file to see previous pages Functionalism theorists also place an emphasis on the organic unity that must be there in society. According to functionalists, certain needs have to be met in order to enhance the existence of a social system. Functionalism holds that social systems strive to maintain equilibrium given that conflict may arise between the various parts of the society; in addition, the systems also try to return society to equilibrium if some external factors cause an imbalance in the system (Isajiw, 2003).

The theory of functionalism argues that, for social equilibrium to be achieved in society, a consensus has to be reached through the internalization of the core norms and values of society. The lack of proper socialization and internalization of society norms, values, and beliefs leads to nonconformity, thus prompting the institution of control mechanisms, which either punishes those who do not conform or bring conformity in the society. These mechanisms of control may include sanctions through institutions such as mental hospitals, law enforcement agencies, and schools (Andersen & Taylor, 2007).

As Kirby (2000) notes, another major assumption that takes center stage in functionalism entails the belief that, as a whole, society is more crucial than the sum of its parts. Based on this assumption, the theory assumes that the various parts that makeup society can be regarded as institutions belonging to the society. Each of the parts is structured in such a way that it fulfills and meets the needs for which it is intended. The parts also rely on each other while fulfilling their functions in society. For instance, the state plays a role in providing education to children who belong to a family. In return, the family pays taxes that the government uses for its own sustenance. The institution of the school is also depended upon by the family in order to educate children, and help them to rely on themselves in the future. The religious part plays the role of ensuring that society maintains morality and upholds desirable.

Functionalists also hold that the behavior of an individual is shaped by the society and the culture in which he or she is brought up. A person internalizes the culture of his own society, which may be totally different from the culture of other societies. According to functionalism, the decisions people make can be predicted based on the position they hold in society, as well as the norms and values that guide their socialization. Therefore, functionalists emphasize how society controls the behavior of individuals, as opposed to how a person can control his or her behavior (Isajiw, 2003).

According to Andersen & Taylor (2007), the theory of functionalism also holds the belief that every person and every phenomenon witnessed in the society serves a certain purpose. For instance, crime may not be universally accepted, but functionalists are of the view that there are several purposes served by crime and deviance. For instance, crime necessitates the employment of law enforcement officials such as prosecutors, lawmakers, police officers, lawyers, and investigators of crime. Therefore, the absence of crime would render many people jobless, thus leading to escalated cases of unemployment. The sanctions on criminal offenders in society play the role of reaffirming norms that people should adhere to in order to avoid being branded as criminals. ...Download file to see next pages Read More