Abortion Clinic Attacks - Research Paper Example

?Running head: Domestic Religious Terrorist Abortion Clinic Attacks Insert Insert Insert 08 April Introduction Acts of domestic terrorism in the United States are mainly connected to religious ideology that has created an environment for legitimate violence directed at specific targets (White, 1989). Terrorism has no exact or accepted definition (Jenkins, 1980) but it has several characteristics that differentiates it from other forms of violence, it is planned and calculated (Krueger, 2007), intrinsically violent (Hoffman, 2006), has political dimensions (Richardson, 2007) and is designed to have a prolonged psychological effects beyond the immediate victims (Bjorgo, 2005). The Federal Bureau of Investigations of America defines terrorism as a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state, to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or may segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives (Terrorism 2002-2005, Federal Bureau of Investigation. 28 C.F.R. Section 0.85). Domestic terrorism is home grown and has consequences for only the host country, its institutions, people, property and policies (Sandler, 2003). One form of religious domestic terrorism is orchestrated by radical anti abortion groups. These are groups and individuals who are driven by their sacred beliefs to commit actions of violence and murder to people whose actions are in contradiction to their religious beliefs and practice. Violent anti abortion movements represent a group of people willing to use violence against abortion clinicians and their facilities to save the lives of the unborn. Abortion issues came to the limelight after the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the defendant in the 1973 case commonly known as Roe v. Wade (1973). The ruling legalized abortion on the prefix that existing antiabortion laws violated a woman’s constitutional right to privacy (Faux, 1988). In an attempt to overturn the ruling pro-life movements nationalized their efforts through formation of various groups including the National Rights to Life Committee (Blanchard and Terry, 1993). The movement used peaceful means to bring about change which was very slow leading to a surge in violent and illegal antiabortion protests. The shocking attacks against the abortionists and the media coverage given to the incidents led to fear and anxiety in the public and abortion facilities. The attacks were meant to dissuade the public and the doctors from carrying out abortions. The use of violence against abortion clinics and physicians that results in death, injury, and destruction of property by anti abortionists’ movements, warrants them being labeled as terrorists. Sociological Significance Extremist anti abortion groups that stage religious attacks communicate a terrorist message to an audience (Victoroff, 2005). They want the government to take a hard line stance against abortion, prevent the public from seeking abortion services, and prevent the physicians, abortion facilities, and hospitals from offering the services. The anti abortion terrorist activities are reinforced by use of death threats, bomb attacks, butyric acid attacks, picketing, gluing locks, chaining protestors to doors among many other tactics. Anti abortion attacks in the United States have evolved into a culture something that perhaps makes them continue to date. Recent year data available showed that in 2000, half the abortion providers experienced some form of violent anti-abortion activity with the actions resulting in physicians and other support staff resigning due to the harassment and the violence (Henshaw and Finer, 2003). Anti abortion violence has the direct effect of reducing the abortion services offered (Doan, 2007), due to the reluctance of the providers to offer the services and closure of some of the facilities in violence prone areas. In some incidents, the tenants refuse to lease their property to businesses that operate anti abortion services due to the possibility of violent protests and violent attacks due to the nature of services offered (Kenney et al. 1999). The United States has experienced some very prominent wide spread protests against abortion providers that had significant effects in the facilities ability to offer abortion services during those periods. They include the 1988 "siege of Atlanta" which lasted over 6 weeks, the 1991 "summer of mercy " which shut down all abortion service providers in Wichita, Kansa for a period of weeks and the "spring of life" in 1992 which shut down the abortion clinics in buffalo, New York. These protests were carried out over prolonged periods of time and almost used civil war tactics. The isolated incidents succeeded in drawing public attention to the extreme antiabortion group’s causes and the wide publicity reached the audience in their millions. Terrorist anti-abortion activity have both long term effects and short term effects on the abortion market and the ability of the abortion facilities to offer the services. The short term effects include inability of the abortion facilities and physicians to offer their services due to destruction of their equipment and facilities and obstruction of their facilities; this makes it impossible to offer their services to women seeking them. The activities instill fear in the women seeking the services and they may be forced by circumstances to carry their pregnancies to full term or seek the services elsewhere if they are financially culpable. The long term effects include inability to rebuild their destroyed facilities if the damages were severe due to costs and in some instances the clinics are closed never to be reopened again as a direct result of the violence. If the physicians are killed or physically injured the numbers of abortion carried out in a certain area go down as the associated risks instill fear to other physicians and they refuse to venture into the business (Puga, 1994). Targeted acts of violence has succeeded in drawing the attention of the media, the facilities that offer the services and the women that want to seek the services and they have succeeded in reducing the number of abortions carried out. Some of Antiabortion extremist strategies have directly incited violence to physicians carrying out the services and some have resulted in the untimely death of the doctors. The concerted effort of anti-abortionists is different as some groups do not advocate or promote violence. The pro-life Action League and Operation Rescue pursued peaceful means to reverse the gains made pro-abortionist in the Roe vs. Wade case of 1973 but the Army of God (AOG), which consisted of an informal coalition of antiabortion extremists aggressively promoted violence as a means to end abortion (Terrorist Organization Profile, Army of God.2012). The group produced detailed manuals of the various ways to carry out violent attacks to abortion clinics and physicians carrying out abortion, which instructed its members on the various ways of carrying out butyric acid attacks, and bomb making (Terrorist Organization Profile, Army of God.2012). Another anti abortion group, The American Coalition of Life Activists carried out campaigns against abortion providers charging them against crime of humanity and offering us$5000 reward for information leading to their arrest, conviction, and revocation of their licenses to practice medicine. They also hosted a website which had a list of abortion providers, their photographs, addresses, license plate numbers, and family members. The list was called the Nuremberg files, some of the doctors mentioned in the Nuremberg files were murdered by antiabortion extremists in cold blood. The group grayed out the names of the doctors killed from their website. The website was maintained until the group and the internet service provider that hosted the site was sued successfully by Planned Parenthood and some of the targeted doctors and fined US$107 million. The group appealed and won the case as the materials they used for campaigns did not contain any specific threats against the doctors nor were there any direct orders or instructions to anyone to commit the acts of violence from the group. This was a big blow to the pro- abortionist groups and doctors as the ruling meant that anti abortionist groups would continue to publicly denounce the abortion providers with no legal reprieve available to them. The continued violent resistance to abortion is succeeding in reducing the number of physicians performing abortions, a growing number of physicians have given up their practices in the face of increased antiabortion terrorism. Under threat to their lives, physicians are publicly announcing they will no longer perform the procedures (Puga, 1994). The risks associated with the practice and the extreme antiabortionist’s unpredictability and willingness to commit murder in defending the unborn child is a strong factor in reducing the number of abortions done due to unavailability of qualified physicians. The long term effects on targeted killings of abortion doctors, will continue to be felt for a long time to come, as in 1998 "84 percent of the counties had no abortion providers and with fewer doctors being trained on abortion procedures, fewer older doctors were willing to take the risks (Ellen and Globe Staff, 1998). Extreme antiabortion terrorists some times are incited by the gains pro-abortionist groups make on the national and regional arena, their desire to undo the gains made by pro-abortionist motivates them to carry out deadly attacks (Ginsburg, 1998). These sustained and unpredictable attacks negatively reduce the motivation of pro-abortion groups as their progress is bound to bring an attack with negative exposure on their side. Many people and facilities are unwilling to be at the center of the two opposing groups as it could escalate into violence with the possibility of death and serious risk of colossal damage to property incase antiabortion extremists attacked. The passing of the 1994 freedom of access to clinic entrances act, which imposed large criminal penalties on those preventing access to abortion services through obstruction reduced these type of incidences at the abortion clinics, however anti abortion movements have made steady gains since 1973 due to the introduction of various policies and enactment of laws which affect the manner abortion services are offered, formal hindrances to abortion include government policies including Medicaid funding bans, mandatory waiting periods, and parental consent laws (Theodore, Kaestner and Colman, 2006). This formal hindrances increase the costs of abortion reducing the abortion rates. The mandatory waiting periods and parental consent laws actually extend the periods of pregnancy and may actually make the women seeking the abortion procedures to reconsider their decisions thereby saving lives. Anti abortion extremists are actually encouraged as their methods actually reduce abortion rates in large (Doan, 2007), clinical settings that they usually target. They also reduce the number of small abortion providers available to offer their services in areas that have experienced such attacks. Hypothesis H1 gains made by Pro-abortion movements through Supreme Court rulings and other avenues will lead to increased anti-abortion attacks on doctors performing abortion and abortion clinics and hospitals offering the services. The 1973 Roe ruling had the effect of preventing the existing laws from regulating abortions by giving the woman the absolute right to life or abortion. The ruling spurred anti abortion advocates to start their pro -life campaigns (Blanchard and Terry, 1993). The resulting frustrations due to the slow progress of their actions caused some of their members to form extremists groups that carry out terrorist attacks against pro abortion doctors and abortion facilities. Many of the rulings made by the supreme court of America that loosened the regulations restricting abortion or those that galvanizes the original Roe ruling makes extremist pro life groups more aggressive and violent in their methods. The rulings have far many repercussions as each ruling is met by a countermove by the pro life extremists. Religious views play a very big part in determining ones stance in the heated issues of abortion. Anti abortion violence is perpetrated by people and groups who are religiously conservative (Blanchard and Terry, 1993). Religious conservatism endorses the traditional family roles and relationships and they especially believe that women should fulfill the traditional roles and functions in the society. The changing moral and societal values that support abortion contradicts the religious conservatisms religious views and this provide an impetus for the attacks. Protestant fundamentalist’s movements including the evangelicals take a more hard-line stance against abortions unlike other denominations like Catholics. This is because evangelical denominations fight any vice that goes against their moral beliefs and view actions like abortions as sins against God. Legalizing of abortion legalizes sinning against God and hence their members are justified in carrying out violent anti abortion attacks to prevent people from sinning. A Gallup study in 2003 showed that women were more likely to be morally opposed to abortion than men (56 to 49percent respectively) were. Although the study showed that women were more opposed to abortion, most of the attacks carried out by anti abortion extremists were perpetrated mostly by men a fact that perhaps indicates that women are less likely to engage in violence to push their clauses. In other incidences of religious terrorism especially by Islamic terrorists, women are at the fore front of the struggles as they are persistently used as suicide bombers. In America women play a more passive role in violent anti abortion protests. They however play a significant role in other peaceful protests as they usually are involved in the peaceful protests and picketing. Previous researches have shown that anti abortion violence is prevalent in areas where an ultra -masculine subculture consisting of supremacist white men who view abortion as a public endorsement of altering the traditional family structure and roles (Stern, 2003). This directly relates to information that show abortion rates are higher in states where female empowerment is low and female victimization is high. The legalizing of abortion threatens the conservative’s views on family structure and traditional roles and the inability to prevent the changes results in frustrations which lead to rise in violent antiabortion attacks Countries that have higher education levels experience more domestic terrorism a case that can be correlated by American violent antiabortion attacks being higher than in other countries. America has the right political avenues that provide all groups the opportunities to come to an agreement irrespective of the nature of the disagreements but the fundamental differences in pro abortion, and anti abortion groups makes it impossible. Though antiabortion groups have made significant gains in the supreme courts in making abortion services harder to get, some of the more extremist groups are disappointed by the progress and pursue a more active approach that includes violence. The higher education levels equip the anti-abortion extremists with the capacity to plan and orchestrate attacks in a deadly fashion as they can be able to assemble the weapons themselves and use them for maximum damage. Presence of skilled bomb experts in their ranks allow them to train their members and they can use the skills gained at any place and time making their detection by state and national authorities very hard. The groups also become very careful and go to extra ordinary lengths to avoid breaking the law and hence they avoid government scrutiny which would otherwise expose their deadly plans. Although many anti abortion attacks have been carried out by known violent anti-abortion extremists groups, only the perpetrators of the actions have been arrested and successfully charged in court and only very few planners have ever been charged. They have successfully covered their tracts. Areas with a history of violence experience more anti abortion attacks compared with other areas. This could be because of the short term and long term gains made by this terrorist attacks and the probability of pro-choice movement undoing the harm done by previous attacks. The anti abortion movements that perpetrate these attacks rely on the fact that the attacks have been done previously and hence this softens the perpetrator reluctance to commit the attacks. The Army of God is a religious terrorist organization founded in 1982 to fight against abortions. The group promotes use of violence as a tool for fighting abortion agents and they believe that their group is a real army with God as their general and commander in chief (Terrorist Organization Profile, Army of God.2012). The group has no strong organization network making it very hard for the authorities to eradicate it. It uses biblical justifications for its attacks against abortion providers. It has a detailed manual educating its members on the various ways to attack abortion clinics using arson, bombs, and acid attacks. It happily cerebrates the killing of abortion doctors and labels their killers heroes of America reasoning that the abortion doctors will not be able to kill more innocent lives. Their members have orchestrated some very high profile violent attacks and most have been apprehended and jailed for their crimes. They include Eric Robert Rudolf afar right terrorist who orchestrated a string of bombings in the southern United States in the late 1990s. In 1996, Rudolf used a homemade bomb in the 1996 centenary Atlanta Olympic Games with the goal on embarrassing the United States government on its stand and policies on abortion. He was later arrested and jailed for his role in bomb attacks against abortion clinics and gay bars. His motivations were purely religious and anti gay (Jefferis, 2011). Many other key players in the army of god include Michael Bray referred to as the chaplain of the Army of God, He has authored a book called a Time to Kill which uses biblical justifications for the use of deadly tactics against abortion providers (Terrorist Organization Profile, Army of God.2012). He has served time in jail for bombing abortion clinics. Neil Horsey hosts the Nuremberg files where he posts the names, addresses, photographs and other personal information of abortion doctors. Some of the doctors in the Nuremberg lists have been targeted and killed and their names crossed out from the list. Shelly Shannon was jailed for attempted murder of Dr George Tiller. She was found with an Army of God manual buried in her backyard. Clayton Wagner used anthrax bioterrorist threats to scare abortion providers and the public. He was arrested and sentenced for sending over 550 anthrax threat letters to abortion clinics across the United States. The Army of God campaigns have led to the death of many doctors and support staff in abortion clinics. The damage in property amounts to millions of dollars and its campaign though violent has led to a decrease in abortion rates in most American states. It is a known religious terrorist group and is under constant surveillance from government security agencies. It maintains aggressive and graphic internet campaigns which probably help it get sympathetic support from the public. The group gets financial support from religious groups and fundraisers from sympathizers supporting its cause (Terrorist Organization Profile, Army of God.2012). Operation rescue was founded by an anti abortion activist called Randall Terry in New York in the late 1980s, its aim was to stop abortions through ‘rescues’ which involved blocking and invading women health clinics (Ginsburg, 1998). Their tactics resulted in many of its members arrested. Some of the major blockades operation rescue orchestrated included the occupation of three women clinics in Wichita Kansas leading to the arrest of many of their members, the occupations was dubbed the ‘summer of mercy’ and it included harassment of abortion providers, clinic staff and patients. The group also orchestrated a 10 days invasion of abortion clinics in 10 states in 1993 dubbed the “cities of refuge”, with the purpose of exposing, shaming and eventually preventing abortion services from going on in the cities (Jefferis, 2011). The group also held side walk counseling to dissuade protesters from procuring abortion services. They displayed graphic photographs of aborted fetuses as a shock treatment to the public to sway public opinions on the matter. Their tactics of picketing, harassment, and intimidation eventually led to the organization being fined heavily after a lawsuit from Dr. Norman Tompkins and his wife who anti-abortion groups had harassed for almost 10 months. The couple eventually stopped practicing and moved out of Texas. Randall Terry, the founder of operation rescue, agreed to issuance of a permanent injunction against him engaging in future acts of violence or terrorism against abortion facilities when he was faced with steep fines arising from his previous terrorist activities. The group recently changed its name to operation save America and it continues to organize antiabortion protests, issue inflammatory statements, and doesn’t condemn the murder of murdered abortion doctors (Daphne, 2009). The group compiled and released a dossier on abortion providers, politicians, judges, clinic employees and their sympathizers in 1996 and supporters indicating the information could be used to bring the abortion providers and supporters to justice for crimes against humanity (Daphne, 2009). The group was sued by Planned Parenthood and an affiliation of abortion doctors and fined heavily but the ruling was overturned on appeal. Their campaigns instilled the element of fear, anxiety, and emotional stress to the families and friends of the targeted physicians leading to decreased rates of abortions from the targeted doctors. Some of the antiabortion terrorist adopted lone terrorism tactics which are characterized by leaderless resistance and lone wolf activism. Anti abortion lone wolf terrorists in the US targeted doctors performing or supporting abortions. Some of the anti abortion lone wolf terrorists include Michael Griffin who killed Dr. David Gunn of Pensacola medical services in Florida in 1993. He shot the doctor three times in the back and then surrendered to the police who were monitoring an anti- abortion protest. In 1994 Paul Hill shot Dr. John Britton escort Jim Barret in Pensacola Florida, and injured another escort June Barrett. In the following year John Salvi killed two employees and injured another five employees of Planned Parenthood in a Boston clinic and a Preterm Health services clinic in Boston in two separate attacks. Lone Wolf terrorism is on the increase and it’s more dangerous than other groups because any person can decide to commit acts of terrorism when frustrated by anti-abortion progress. Discussion Abortion is a very controversial issue that results in heated debates, verbal and non verbal attacks that culminate into violence at the extreme. Proponents of abortion and their anti abortion counterparts engage each other in tactical warfare to achieve their aims. The American law legalizes abortion albeit with several requirements to both abortion facilities, abortion physicians and the women seeking the services. The issue is hotly contested since in the traditional set up abortion was not accepted and it was a moral and social taboo. This mentality was reinforced by the traditional conservative lifestyle that placed women in the home set up with their sole responsibilities of bearing children and maintaining the homestead (Stern, 2003). Since the industrial revolution, women have made great leaps in education and have been empowered through various formal and non formal ways though total equality has never been achieved. Reproductive health is one area where women consider their rights down trodden as it is one area they cannot regulate and legalizing abortion laws gives them power over their own bodies. The mainstream majority of the society has not embraced this mentality well though the moral and social views are gradually changing with time. The Christian religion forbids murder and to many religious people abortion is murder. The pro choice on the other side maintains that abortion is not murder using various ways to indicate the human fetus is not human or viable. The American law forbids late term abortions and there has been very many restrictions barring abortion facilities from performing abortions on demand. Religious groups consider abortion a sin and murder and refer abortion as a human genocide. Many groups use peaceful and legal means to push for their cause but some extremist groups use violent tactics to advance their cause. Feelings of dissatisfaction amongst the antiabortionist groups leads them to commit wide spread violence against those who go contrary to their fundamental beliefs (Blanchard and Terry, 1993). The rates of violence meted out are comparable with the rates of abortion prevalent in a certain area with areas experiencing high abortion rates experiencing more anti-abortion attacks. The high abortion rates give the anti abortion terrorist the necessary motivation and justification to carry out their attacks against those who oppose their fundamental beliefs, the slow rate of legal means to ban abortion services can be another factor that stimulate the anti- abortion terrorist to action to spread the message and hasten the process. Neither the passing of laws protecting abortion providers nor the threat of jail times deter this committed anti abortion extremists. But the mainstream Christian churches condemn the acts of violence as murder is wrong in their Christian beliefs. To Christians, the murder of the unborn child and the murder of the abortion doctors is the same and all should stop their sinful act. The dilemma in the society is that the American society is largely Christian and this follows that the women who seek abortion services are largely Christians. This shows there exists a lot of differences in the religious ideals as the churches have failed in their mandate of preserving life. The various laws which constitutionally uphold the 1973 Roe decision will perpetually ferment violence against abortion clinics, their staff, and the abortion physicians. This is because the solved cases of arson, butyric acid attacks harassment and murder are completely rational and the actions have been proved to be carefully planned and executed (Krueger, 2007). The sole purpose of the anti-abortion terrorists is to eliminate the facilities and the people that advance abortion to women. The underlying motivators that actually make a person go to the extreme levels of violence are unpredictable but they exist in the society. They may be people suffering from a myriad of psychological problems and frustrations totally outside the abortion debate but find religious anti abortion extremism as a way to vent their frustrations. This will always produce ready candidates for the anti abortionists crusade and unless very radical measures are taken, the abortion doctors and their facilities will continue to be targets of unseen enemies who can strike at any moment. Conclusion Certain Supreme Court rulings dealing with the topic of abortion triggered the onset of anti abortion extremism; a vice that is difficult to control, study, or predict due to the many variables associated with the abortion scenario (Blanchard and Terry, 1993). The society has very many views on the abortion issues ranging from mild to extreme. There are sizeable percentages of the American population that support anti abortion violence and this alone hinders the deterrent measures in place to fight the vice. The government should hold public referendums on the issue and come up with regulations that cater for all sides of the debate. Through thorough consultations with experts and the groups this can be done. Anti -abortion extremism must be dealt with firmly by the law enforcement agents and the justice system. There are no justifiable grounds for homicide against medical doctors and practitioners who run abortion clinics. This is because the anti abortion extremist groups are shrouded in mystery and their religious ideologies usually are tainted with racism and religious bigotry. Their groups have the potential to harm very many innocent civilians and victims and sometimes their actions result in damage of property running into millions of dollars. This is compounded by the heavy insurance and security costs that are associated with abortion clinics due to their vulnerability to attacks. They should be stopped by all means possible. 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