Domestic Terrorism in the United States - Research Paper Example

Domestic Terrorism Introduction Since the days of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on United States soil, terrorism has taken center stage in our political concerns. As a result of the attacks, the USA Patriot Act expanded its definition of domestic terrorism, specifying a domestic terrorist to be someone who engages in acts which are “dangerous to human life, violating the criminal laws of the US and is intended to “(i) intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping” (USA Patriot Act, s. 802). Moreover, if the acts occurred mainly in UN territories, it would be classified as domestic terrorism; and acts outside of the US soil would be considered as international terrorism. This paper shall discuss domestic terrorism in the United States, including the currently acknowledged existing terror groups in the US, as well as domestic terrorist attacks experienced by the US throughout the years. Body Throughout the years, the understanding and conceptualization of domestic terrorism in the US has undertaken various changes. With the numerous attacks, changes in the definition and legislation have been implemented by the government. At one point in 1995, the FBI’s Terrorist Research and Analytical Center specified that domestic terrorism is the “unlawful use of force and violence, committed by a group(s) of two or more individuals, against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives” (American Civil Liberties Union, 2009). This definition is encompassing, but the USA Patriot Act was able to specify and qualify it even more with the definition previously mentioned. These terrorist attacks and groups have various causes – political and social – which they support and seek support for. More often than not, they use illegal and violent means in order to gain leverage for their causes. The Animal Liberation Front is one of the domestic organizations which have been listed by the US Department of Homeland Security as a domestic terrorist organization (Frieden, 2005). This organization is used by members in order to seek direct actions for the benefit of animals (Regan, 1983). This group rescues animals from laboratories as well as fur farms and animal testing facilities. As far as this group is concerned, all acts which endanger the welfare of animals deserve their protest and their direct action (Stallwood, 2004). This group is also known as an ecoterrorist group. Incidents of their terrorist activities included breaking into the New York University Medical School, releasing some animals in the process (Anti-Defamation League, 2005). Other break-ins and subsequent release of animals followed on even larger scales and this led the Department of Justice and of Agriculture to label the ALF as an organization bordering on the radical fringe. Incidents of arson, vandalism, and thefts further fueled this group’s terrorist reputation (Anti-Defamation League, 2005). The ALF was also known for setting fire to the University of California-Davis veterinary laboratory, causing damages registering at $3.5 million; they were also known for the 1992 firebombing of the animal research laboratory at the Michigan State University (Anti-Defamation League, 2005). Rod Coronado is one of their more notorious members, credited for most of their firebombings and for his membership with the Sea Shepherd Conservative Society. This is an animal-rights group based in Vancouver who has carried out various direct actions for animals, including the sinking of whale ships (Anti-Defamation League, 2005). Similar acts have been seen throughout the years from both organizations in pursuit of animal rights and welfare. Other causes from other terrorist groups have presented with more political undertones and goals. The Alpha 66 and Omega 7 were considered one of these political groups. The Omega 7 has long been considered defunct, but the Alpha 66 is still very much active (Korten and Nielsen, 2008). The causes of these two groups were mostly related to the Cuban exile action, and they carried out various bombings and acts of sabotage in order to further their cause. Their actions have been directed towards Cuba’s President Fidel Castro and his government; but these activities were carried out in the US when anti-Castro individuals in Miami wanted to pressure the community against taking a more submissive approach to Castro’s regime (Korten and Nielsen, 2008). Luciando Nieves was killed by this group because of his support for peace in Cuba; news director Emilio Milian was a victim of a car bomb, losing his legs in the process because he expressed his outrage over Cuban violence (Rodenas and Miendes, 1994). The Alpha 66 group persisted in their violent efforts against the Cuban government and based in Miami, they were raising bonds in order to finance their causes (Korten and Nielsen, 2008). No member of the group has ever been convicted and this has not stopped the group from planning their attack on the Cuban government. The Army of God is also one of the domestic terrorist organizations in the US. This group is composed of members with similar ideologies, mostly on ending abortion in the US. They perpetuate violence basically to seek an end to abortion (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2011). It is a Christian group using various acts of violence, including bombings in order to express their displeasure over abortion, abortion clinics, as well as medical personnel carrying out abortions. The first documented violence by this group was with kidnapping of Hector Zevallos and his wife. Both were later released unharmed. Hevalos was a doctor carrying out abortions (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2011). Bombs planted in seven abortion clinics in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington was also associated with this group. They also admitted responsibility for the nail bombing of abortion clinic in 1997 in Atlanta and Birmingham (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2011). About 500 letters from the group were also mailed to various abortion clinics. This created panic among the clinics, fearing that they were being sent anthrax through the mail. Some abortion providers have also been assassinated by the group, and some supporters of their cause have also carried out their acts of violence and credited these to anti-abortion goals (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2011). Aryan Nations is yet another domestic terrorist group in the US. It is considered a white nationalist neo-Nazi organization first established by Richard Butler in the 1970s as a Christian Identity group identified as Church of Jesus Christ-Christian (Anti-Defamation League, 2007). It has been considered by the FBI as a domestic terrorist group which has reached nationwide status and linkages in the entire USA. Their beliefs are based on the teachings of Wesley Swift whose principles were based on British Israelism, anti-Semitism, and general militancy (Anti-Defamation League, 2007). Their acts of terrorism have included violent beatings, hate crimes, fire bombings, mail threats, assassinations, murders, vandalism, destruction of property, as well as robberies (Anti-Defamation League, 2007). This group basically continued the hate against the Jewish people that was started in Germany by Hitler. Violent activities of this group are numerous. One of the more well-known violent acts was the killing of Alan Berg. In 1984, four members of the Aryan Nations shot Denver radio talk show host Alan Berg (Crisan, 2010). Berg was Jewish and was known for often mocking the group; he was also firmly and outspokenly against white supremacy. He was shot in his home and died on the spot. The group also bombed the rectory of Reverend Bill Wasmuth in 1986 using a pipe bomb (Crisan, 2010). He was also known for his anti-white supremacist beliefs and his condemnation of the group’s activities. In September of 1986, the group sought to distract police officers from their plan of robbing banks and of stealing guns from the National Bank Armory by setting off various bombs in Rathdrum (Crisan, 2010). The efforts of the police proved to overwhelm their overall capacity, so they cancelled their plans. Aside from these well-known attacks, this group has also been credited for the bombing of a federal building, a restaurant, and a building for retail stores (Crisan, 2010). The Army was also considered by the FBI as a domestic terrorist group. This group was actually a splinter organization of the Black Panther Party (More and Miller, 2010). The Black Liberation Army attempted to depose the US government for their racial separatism as well as Marxist ideals (More and Miller, 2002). Various police officers and law enforcement officers consider the BLA responsible for the killing of 13 police officers (More and Miller, 2010). It was also involved in about 60 violent skirmishes and acts from 1970 to 1980 (More and Miller, 2010). This group carried out numerous crimes, including bank and armored car robberies (University of Maryland, 2010a). They also freed their member Joanne Chesimard from jail who was serving time for murdering a state trooper. Terror plots have also been credited to this group, including plans to firebomb several department stores in New York (University of Maryland, 2010a). Four members of the group were charged and convicted for murder, robbery, and the attempted heist of an armored car which led to the death of a guard and two police officers (University of Maryland, 2010a). This group is now defunct, but not before it has perpetuated violent acts in order to support the self-determination of black people in the US. The Jewish Defense League (JDL) was established in 1960 in New York by Meir Kahane, a rabbi (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). Their goal was to protect Jews from violence and anti-Semite movements and activities. The FBI credits the group for about 15 terrorist acts from 1980-1985. The FBI believes that this group was major domestic right wing terrorist group (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). They have carried out violent acts in order to express their outrage for hate crimes against the Jews; and they have also used violence in order to secure the safety of their members and of Jews in general (Hewitt, 2002). The Department of Energy also believes that the JDL has been one of the most active terrorist groups in the US, and since 1968, they have killed seven people and injured at least 22 (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). Most of their targets have been connected to some extent to the Soviet Union, some to Palestine and others to various countries like Lebanon, Egypt, France, Iran, and Iraq (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). Most of their causes have been related to poverty, to big businesses, to schools, and to other religions. The Ku Klux Klan is considered a group which adopts its ideologies from the concept of white supremacy, anti-Semitism, and anti-Catholic beliefs (Zalman, 2012a). They have carried out threats, violence, arson, and murders in support of such ideologies. Initially, this group was established at the end of the American Civil War when the Union government implemented martial law in the south (Zalman, 2012a). As the Black men were also granted their freedom and their right to vote, this group was also spurred into violence. They harassed and intimidated blacks, as well as their white supporters; they burned crosses, raped women, murdered and lynched their targets, and in general, beat anyone who opposed their ideals (Zalman, 2012a). This group was soon condemned and labeled as outlaws by the government. It was however revived as a paramilitary group in 1915 and gained much power in the south soon after. In the 1960s various high profile acts were carried out by the group (Zalman, 2012a). In 1964, they ambushed and killed three civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner; and in 1963, they bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four girls. This act proved to be the final straw as the Congress decided then to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Zalman, 2012a). The May 19th Communist Organization is also one of the organizations acknowledged by the FBI as a domestic terrorist organization (Kushner, 2003). They describe themselves as a revolutionary organization established by members of the Weather Underground Organization (Kushner, 2003). Their goal is to build consciousness in their actions and establish a people’s militia. They are strong supporters of armed action and of perpetuating the use of guns and violence to support their communist ideologies (Kushner, 2003). This organization was also considered a front for the Revolutionary Armed Task Force (RATF) which was an organization seeking to support leftist ideology (University of Maryland, 2010b). This group had safe houses for the RATF and negotiated alliances with other leftist groups. The name of the group is a reference to the birth dates of Malcolm X and Ho Chi Minh. They considered themselves as anti-racist and pacifist and they firmly believed that the US government was under the management of the military-industrial alliance (University of Maryland, 2010b). They also considered the government to be a racist government, as well as an imperialistic one. They carried out about eight bombings in New York and Washington D.C, and one of their well-known attacks was the November 1983 US Capitol bombing. In general, this group wanted to shift public opinion and to expose the government for its immoral acts. They also took credit for bombings carried out on some news outlets; fortunately these attacks did not yield any casualties (University of Maryland, 2010b). This group is also considered inactive, especially with the arrest of the majority of its members. Phineas Priesthood is also a terrorist organization with a Christian ideology. They are against interracial intercourse, homosexuality as well as abortion (Martin, 2009). They are also anti-Semites and are against the general interaction and mixing of races. They have considered plans to bomb FBI buildings, abortion clinics, as well as banks. This group took its name from the Bible story of Phineas, the boy killed an Israelite and in the process, “saved the people of Israel from a plague from God” (University of Maryland, 2010c). They have a so-called leaderless resistance and operate with much secrecy. Their goal is to eventually spur a racial revolution. This group has not initiated any major attacks; however, their members have instituted various terrorist acts as members of the organization. Some members include bank robbers Charles Harrison Barbee, Verne Jay Merrell, Robert Sherman Berry, Brian Edward Ratigan (University of Maryland, 2010c). Their terror activities included bombings, robberies, murders, and arson. They usually functioned individually or as groups with their ‘priests’ attacking Jews, racially mixed individuals, non-Whites, abortion clinics, banks, government offices, and other institutions and individuals they deemed undesirable or unacceptable (University of Maryland, 2010c). Domestic terrorist attacks Various domestic terrorist acts have been carried out in the US. One of these attacks was the bombing of the Los Angeles Times building. This bombing killed 21 individuals, and was led by the McNamara brothers, James and John who carried out their attack because of their frustrations with the country’s labor and union policies (Foner, 1980). These brothers and their actions actually gained much publicity, mostly because they represented a strong sentiment in the US, especially for millions of laborers. Harrison Otis Gray, the owner and publisher of the Los Angeles Times was the main target for this attack because of his conservative politics, as well as his anti-union stance (University of South Carolina, n.d). In the middle of a strike seeking unionization, the building was bombed. The south wall collapsed which also caused the second floor to collapse; the first floor followed and crashed into the basement, trapping workers in the blaze. Several individuals were called to account for the bombing, and the McNamara brothers were the main suspects (University of South Carolina, n.d). Clarence Darrow was set to defend the brothers because he was firm in his belief that the brothers were being pawns in the labor-industry war. Darrow however later changed his mind as he later considered the brothers guilty, convincing them to plead guilty. James McNamara was sentenced for life, and John received 15 years (University of South Carolina, n.d). The Wall Street bombing was another domestic terrorism incident and was seen on the 16th of September 1920 in New York City when a horse-drawn wagon containing 100 pounds of dynamite was places across the headquarters of the J.P Morgan Bank (Campbell, 2008). This bombing killed about 38 and injured around 400 workers and bystanders. The impact of the bombing was significant to many witnesses as glass covered everything and numerous injuries were reported (Zalman, 2010b). Various investigations were soon carried out, and different groups were blamed for the attack, including the Bolsheviks, and any other radical that could be considered at that point. A message was left after the bombing and American Anarchist Fighters took credit for the attack (Zalman, 2010b). The actual anarchists or communists responsible for this attack were however never found, although it is widely believed to have been perpetuated by the supporters of Italian anarchist Luigi Galleani (Gage, 2009). On the 18th of May 1927, the Bath, Michigan bombings broke out (Bernstein, 2009). These attacks were carried out by Andrew Kehoe, fueled by his anger at local tax charges, especially with his farm about to be foreclosed. Seven bombs were detonated and killed 45 individuals, 38 of these were students (Bernstein, 2009). On the morning of the attack, he murdered his wife as he beat her to death, and then set fire to his farm. Firefighters raced to his farm to put out the blaze when they heard a big explosion at the north wing of the school (Bernstein, 2009). Kehoe utilized a detonator which he secretly rigged in the school over the course of several months. With rescuers dragging children out of the school Kehoe then drove up the school and detonated his vehicle which he rigged with shrapnel; he also killed himself with a Winchester while detonating the bombs (Bernstein, 2009). This explosion killed the school superintendent and several others. The school was later evaluated and unexploded dynamite and pyrotol were found at the south basement of the school (Bernstein, 2009). Perhaps, the most notorious domestic terrorist bombing was carried out by Theodore Kaczynski, better known as the Unabomber. Kaczynski was a Harvard graduate and former professor who perpetuated several letter bombings from 1978 to 1995, causing injuries, and some deaths (Chase, 2004). In his letters, he would include a manifesto, calling for worldwide revolution against society’s industrial and technological system. He expressed a strong disapproval of the industrial revolution and its impact on the human race (Chase, 2004). He also cited how man has now become disconnected from his anatomy, from nature, and from the general natural pattern of human behavior (Chase, 2004). He also claimed that eventually, the industrial system would lead to a revolution against technology. After an investigation by the FBI and with the aid of his brother, he was arrested in April of 1996 (Chase, 2004). The lives that his bomb claimed were however long detonated and have done their damage to the considerable degree. The Jewish Defense League as investigated by the FBI carried out various terrorist attacks in the US. This group is described to be violent with 15 terrorist attacks carried out in the US from 1980 to 1985 (Kushner, 2003). One of their leaders Irv Rubin was arrested for charges in relation to planned bomb attacks on the King Fahd Mosque in California, as well as the Arab-American Congressman Darrell Issa (Bohn, 2004). Rubin denied any responsibility for the attacks and in detention, later committed suicide. Earl Krugel would later plead guilty for the bombing and was sentenced to 20 years for the act (Bohn, 2004). An informant, who was also a Jewish pride activist, informed the FBI of the JDL plans with Krugel planning to use the attacks as a wake-up call for the Arabs (Bohn, 2004). Krugel was killed in jail by another prisoner in 2005. Before the 9/11 bombings, the Oklahoma City Bombing is considered one of the more horrific domestic terrorist attacks in the US. The bomb was homemade and hidden in a rental truck, severely damaging the Alfred Murrah Building (History.com, 2009). At first, Muslim extremist groups in the Middle East were considered culprits for the attack, but the investigation later revealed that Timothy McVeigh was responsible for the attack. He was arrested along with his friend Terry Nichols. Both were ex-US army soldiers and were later extreme right wing militants (History.com, 2009). McVeigh was convicted for several counts of murder, for conspiracy, and for the use of a weapon of mass destruction; he would be executed for his crimes in 2001. Nichols was able to evade the death penalty. These two individuals were not considered members of any major political group but their beliefs were related to the broad Patriot movement which did not favor authoritarianism by the government (History.com, 2009). The Patriot movement did not support the federal and all other government authorities. This rightist movement was strong in their support of militia groups as they believed that all people have the right to bear arms and defend themselves against government oppression (History.com, 2009). The date of the bombing was chosen by the bombers because April 19 was the anniversary of the American rebellion against British Rule in 1775, and this date also marked the anniversary of the federal government raid of an armed religious group in Waco, Texas (History.com, 2009). Setting the bomb off was done in honor of the Waco deaths. As the authorities were able to unravel the reasons behind the bombing, they also launched their investigations on other militia groups and other extremist organizations (History.com, 2009). After a while, these investigations caused the number of militia groups to drop significantly. The Centennial Olympic Park Bombing was carried out in 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia during the 1996 Summer Olympics (Dempsey and Forst, 2011). Security guard Richard Jewell was wrongly accused of the crime, and was later cleared of the charge. It was later revealed that Eric Robert Rudolph, who was a former explosive expert with the US Army, was the main perpetrator of the offense (Dempsey and Forst, 2011). There were two casualties and 111 injuries for this bombing. Rudolph also admitted to the 1998 bombing of an abortion clinic which led to the death of a police officer. He also admitted to attacks at a gay club and ultimately, the Atlanta bombing (Turkish Weekly, 2005). After he carried out the Atlanta bombing, he went into hiding and successfully evaded authorities for five years. In court, he did not appear to express any genuine remorse for his actions, and he even seemed to be proud of the bombings he carried out (Turkish Weekly, 2005). His actions prompted the investigators to review their information about Rudolph. They acknowledged that his lorry was seen leaving the Birmingham explosion, but the link to the Atlanta bombing would be seen two years after. When he was identified as the attacker, he hid in the mountains and applied survivalist methods in order to evade authorities (Turkish Weekly, 2005). He was captured in 2003. The 2001 anthrax scare saw the US government offices in panic and in general anxiety. The first attacks were seen on September 18, 2001 with letter filled with anthrax spores mailed to various news offices, as well as two US Senators (Cole, 2009). These attacks were seen a week after the 9/11 attacks and caused much distress and panic among the people, especially those in the federal buildings. The first wave of the attacks was seen in Trenton, New Jersey with letters mailed to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post; the National Enquirer as well as the American Media, Inc, in Florida also received anthrax letters (Cole, 2009). Robert Stevens who was working at the mailings in AMI died four days after he was diagnosed with a mysterious illness. Soon after, other employees at CBS and AMI were also infected (Cole, 2009). Two anthrax letters were sent to Tom Daschle of South Dakota and Patrick Leahy of Vermont. The senators were not affected, but one of the postal workers David Hose soon contracted the anthrax infection (Cole, 2009). A panic was caused by these attacks, especially with speculations of anthrax spores being weaponized with silica. This was later dispelled by bioweapons experts. Nevertheless, these attacks killed five individuals and affected about 17 others (Meyer, 2008). Ivins, a scientist specializing on biodefense was investigated in 2008 by the FBI for the attacks. Pending prosecution, he committed suicide. Although FBI authorities consider this case solved with the death of Ivins, skeptics are still suspicious about the culprit of these attacks (Spertzel, 2008). They argue that Ivins could not have been guilty of the crime; and too much police pressure drove him to suicide (Spertzel, 2008). These arguments are however also unproven. The assassination of George Tiller, a Kansas physician was also considered a domestic terrorist attack. Tiller was notorious for his late-term abortion activities; he was assassinated by Scott Roeder who was an anti-abortion activist (Fitzpatrick, 2009). Roeder killed Tiller during a Sunday morning mass and the courts would later label his act as first-degree murder; but news outlets would label it as domestic terrorism (Thomas, 2010). Scott Roeder was affiliated with the Montana Freemen group which is considered highly anti-government. The Anti-Defamation League declared him to be a member of the Sovereign Citizen Movement which considered all government authorities in the US to be illegitimate (Southern Poverty Law Center, et.al., 2009). On the 10th of June 2010, James Von Brunn, an 88 year old man from Maryland who was believed to be a neo-Nazi member fired at a US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington and in the process killed one of the Museum’s guards (White, 2011). Guards returned fire, wounding him. He later died in 2010 as he was awaiting his trial. Von Brunn was an anti-Semite who believed all his life that Jews were persecuting him, and this alleged persecution from the Jews also extended to the American government (White, 2011). He also condemned the government for allowing non-whites into the country; and he did not like banks for allowing the Jews to flourish in their businesses. He also blamed the financial crisis to the Jews who were apparently taking the people’s money from the banks (White, 2011). He also denied the holocaust and assisted Canadian holocaust denier Ernst Zundel in making videos to express denials of the holocaust (Shadle, 2009). At one point, he declared that it was time to flush out the Holocaust Memorials; and this likely motivated him to carry out his attack on the Holocaust Memorial (White, 2011). A mass shooting was seen on November 5, 2009 at Fort Hood in Texas, where a lone gunman ended up killing 13 people, wounding about 30. The gunman was Nidal Hasan, who was also a US army major and psychiatrist (BBC, 2009). He is still awaiting trial. Hasan is considered a practicing Muslim, however, no signs of any extremist ideology was observed from him by the people who knew him. Most of his relatives actually described Hasan as quiet and peace-loving (BBC, 2009). Before the 9/11 attacks, he was known to frequent the Dar al-Hijraj at the Falls Church vicinity; this mosque was known to be a choice mosque for the 9/11 hijackers (BBC, 2009). Anwar al-Awlaki was the imam at the mosque and Hasan had much support for him (Stakelbeck, 2011). In turn, Awlaki expressed support for Hasan and even encouraged other Muslims in the US military to follow Hasan’s lead. Hasan also considered the war on terror as a war against Islam and this was the primary reason he took up arms against the government (Stakelbeck, 2011). Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it is apparent to note that domestic terrorism has been in existence in the US for many decades now. The basic premise in the understanding of terrorism seems to always relate to Muslims, however the discussion above manifests that for as long as acts of intimidation are carried out by an individual or groups of individuals in order to seek support or leverage for their political or social cause, terrorism exists. The fact that these acts are perpetuated in US soil qualifies these acts as domestic terrorist acts. Different terrorist organizations with various goals have and are existing in the US; and their goals include white supremacy, anti-abortion, anti-Jews, anti-multiculturalism, and anti-government. The bombings discussed above also illustrate how these domestic terrorists have sought attention for their goals. Many of these have resulted in significant attention brought forth to their cause, and the attention have mostly expressed negative and condemning feelings against the violent and senseless killings and injuries perpetuated. Reference American Civil Liberties Union (2009). How the USA PATRIOT Act redefines "Domestic Terrorism". Retrieved 29 March 2012 from http://www.aclu.org/national-security/how-usa-patriot-act-redefines-domestic-terrorism Anti-Defamation League (2005). Ecoterrorism: Extremism in the Animal Rights and Environmentalist Movements. 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