History of Christian Thought Questions - Essay Example

? Debate People should have “ownership rights” to their own Tissues 1A. It is usually believed that human beings have the right to decide how to dealwith the tissues in their own physical body. In fact, there is a significant amount of ongoing effort in the modern world to accord wider “ownership rights” to people over their own tissues and also provide them with the authority to determine its fate, once the tissues are outside the human body. In fact, there is a lot of enthusiasm among the supporters of this cause who are also in favor of giving persons the right of owning their DNA (Gunning, Szoke, p.199). Providing people with the ownership rights regarding their physical tissues could present solutions to a host of modern arguments. The issue of abortion has always been a sensitive subject which has given rise to a host of debates. If the human embryo is considered as a human entity, then of course no one has the authority to destroy it, not even the parents who have created it. On the other hand, if the embryo is viewed as a portion of human tissue or as a coagulation of human cells, then this gives rise to a new argument in the debate. As people are usually believed to be endowed with right of determining the fate of their tissues, they are justified to do whatever they wish with the human embryo. A couple who do not want children can either donate their already formed embryo to an infertile couple, or destroy the embryo altogether. Therefore, when human beings are accorded the “ownership rights” over their own tissues and physical body parts, the act of abortion finds a justification in such a case (Gunning, Szoke, p.198). 2. The prevailing laws do not recognize human beings as the owners of their own tissues or any parts of their body. This is known as the legislation of “No property in the Body”. In such a situation, how can people be considered to have an “ownership right” over their tissues? 1A. No situation is permanent and the laws are not formulated to be retained on a permanent basis. The legislation governing this issue can always be changed to provide people with a form of “property right” over their own tissues (Have , 1998, et al, pp.2-4). However, granting property rights or rights of self determination over bits of one’s body will not resolve the problem. The reason is that even is we have property is tissue; there seem to be other overriding moral considerations. If we have ownership rights in tissues, this implies that people should be allowed to destroy their organs and tissues after their life ends when these are in the condition of saving other people’s lives. 3. People providing with the rights of ownership of tissues can lead to various problems in the society. People belonging to the lower middle class and those in need of money can find the selling of their own tissues as a legal profession which may endanger the cause of the humanity. Ownership of tissues would also make the people claim that their bodies parts comprised of various tissues are their own property and they had the right to sell it or do anything according to their wish. Like the trafficking of human, people will start making further inhuman activity and this time it will be their own body parts. The right of ownership of human tissues will definitely lead to the trading activity and within a short period of time, it will eventually turnout to be a huge profitable business. The ownership right of tissues will result in the increase in number of killing of the unwanted embryo and will prevent the emergence of millions of life into the world. 4. 3A. the framing of the law regarding the ownership of rights will be done considering the social aspect and in that case will that create any further problems? And the killing of embryo is a punishable act in most of the countries and how will it further hamper the cause? 1N. in the presence of Laws and regulation the crimes rate have not taken a considerable decrease throughout the world the permission of providing the ownership right will occur in an illegal frame under the shield of the law. The killing of embryo will occur in such stances as there will be some regulation of the law supporting its cause. 5. Considering the discrepancy in the legal system and the role of the laws in acting as a shield, the present situation of no legalization regarding the ownership of the tissues is causing trouble among the society. The fact that is to be considered in the section is does the present legal system also protects the cause of the people and prevents from committing inhuman activities. Doctors are removing tissues or cell samples from the bodies of the diseased people and developing the lines of cell by the research conducted by them which become increasingly popular in the market and are sold in billions of dollars. The absence of any law also prevents the persons from claiming a share on the profit of the cells transferred from their body. (Tissue Rights and Ownership: Is a Cell Line a Research Tool or a Person?) 6. 1N. Most of the tissue donors associated in the medical research field are diseased people or differently able. If they ownership of tissue right is undertaken will it not harm the social interest and the privacy associated with the donor and give rise to further complexity of the donor in case? 2A. the privacy factor the donor will be harmed and rather it will help him to gain a stand in the society regarding his overall contribution to the medical science. Other than this factor the donor can gain a substantial contribution from the Research team in the form of monetary help which will also help him in the long run. As in the case of Henrietta lacks it was noticed that she received no acknowledgement or financial help for the development of Hella cells. (Scloot, pp.93-95) 7. 2N. The ownership of tissue right and the consequent donation of the tissues for the benefit of medical research will provide recognition to the donor. Such recognition may land the donor into trouble and he may receive social discrimination and may be treated differently in the society. People may treat him in a different way respond in a different manner towards his disease and also may be unaccepted in some societies of the world. The donor may also be treated as a carrier of such dangerous diseases and may face severe harassment. As in many societies of the world people are superstitious regarding such serious ailment, the donor may land in severe trouble as resistance may arise regarding him. In some underdeveloped countries the donor may not be acceptable at all if brought under the limelight. 8. How will medical science benefit if the ownership right of tissues is not given and the legal disputes between the donors and the researchers does not come to an end and people starts creating disputes over the cells collected by the medical practitioners? The ownership right of the tissues will in fact endanger the modern research and development. With the ownership of tissue commercialization will creep in and there will be more instances of patent and licensed tissues and it will overall result in the increase of cost for the research and development teams and they will certainly not encouraged to spend a huge amount of expenditure behind the costly licensed tissues .(US office of technology Assesment, p.18) 9. 3A The ownership of tissue will help the patients know that their tissues are cultured for the advancement in medical science and it will reduce the incidents as noticed in the popular case of Henrietta lacks where she was completely unaware of the fact that the cells taken from her body for the sake of diagnosis was also used for various purpose (Scloot, p. 92). The effect of such rights will also prevent scientist from cheating the families in collecting the tissue samples from the bodies of the relatives of the diseased for the sake of their monetary benefit. The abolishment of such system in the medical science will increase the trust of the patients on the doctors and they will be able to undergo treatment without any hesitation and the mutual understanding between the patients and the doctors will result in the overall progress of medicine science. (Tissue Rights and Ownership: Is a Cell Line a Research Tool or a Person?) 10. 5N. Will the ownership of tissue right, lead to voluntary distribution of tissues by people as people will be more concerned about their legal aspects associated with it? 3A. The ownership of tissue right will lead to the overall transparency of the system currently involved in the donation of the tissues. People generally claim to take an interest in the tissues donated after it has lead to some sort of scientific invention and when their tissues and replicated and traded over the market for the sake of medical benefit. Often the family of the patients claims their rights on the cell being researched of the patients, who are dead. The ownership will cease the disputes and the patients willing to donate under the ownership of tissue will take a firm stand and will be encouraged to do so. (Tissue Rights and Ownership: Is a Cell Line a Research Tool or a Person?) 11. 3N. The ownership of tissues will create a huge problem on the context of the humanitarian grounds. The ownership of tissues will eventually lead to the pricing of the tissues of the human bodies in case of donations for the purpose of medical research. The subsequent pricing of tissues will eventually mean the sale of the portions of human body which is quite unacceptable in the present modern society. If the legalization process of the ownership of tissues is done the other law in relation to the humanitarian grounds also needs to be modified otherwise there will be diverging views. In the present human society sell of human body parts is strictly prohibited and the laws regarding the arena needs to be changed as well. The ownership of human tissue will lead to trade of other body parts also which will endanger the civic society. 12. 5A. The ownership of tissue will provide right to the people to deal with their tissues in their matter of their choice and it will lead to the sale of the tissues which are dysfunctional and those dysfunctional cells will finally help in the research field. Will the use of the dysfunctional tissues in cost of money for a better purpose will harm the cause of the humans or it will provide a range of opportunities for the sake of mankind? 3N. As the ownership of tissues will provide the people to deal with their tissues in their own way there is a high probability of misusing of the rights by the people and it will endanger the society and the matter in context will be the human body parts. 13. Relationship with human bodies often seems like a form of trusteeship. The bodies and tissues are viewed as the humanity heritage. Human beings should have the right to use it for the overall benefit without infringing on the liberties. In this context the ownership of tissue right should be provided to the people by the incorporation of the policy of “presumed content”. The policy of the presumed content will enable to gather consent from the donators regarding their act of donation of tissues or organs. (Body of Research — Ownership and Use of Human Tissue) 14.2N. The policy of presumed content which will be undertaken by the donator can also occur under the external force implied on the donator and can the actual motive underlying such donation be identified? 4A. The motive of donation of diseased cell tissues for the overall benefit of medical science and in helping people in need is not much of particular interest. Whatever may the motive be it will cause benefit to the human race in the long run. Beside the case of forceful donation can be dealt as he donation process does not happen overnight and the donator have ample amount of time to express his views. 15. The ownership of tissue will also prevent the patients to go for proper investigation involving the tissue donation and cultivation if they fear that surgery will cause harm to their life. As the ownership right will encourage people to sell their tissues it will also prevent nervous patients from going in to surgery as they are provided with the right to determine the fate of their tissues. This will result in deterioration of their overall health and endanger their existence. If a person suffering from cancer denies undergoing a biopsy by exercising his right to the ownership of tissues, it will provide threat to his future. 16. Will not the ownership of tissue increase the participation of people towards each others need and help to develop fraternity among each other in this competitive environment. ? 4N. The ownership of tissue has no role to play in the fraternity development but in the contrary it can lead to inhuman activities. The research oriented result will also not be substantial in building up harmony as people will hardly come to know each others contribution in the research development. 17. 5A. The ownership of tissue will overall lead to the development of the medical science. The owner ship issue will promote the donation of the tissues for further research in the medical field and will cease the disputes between the patients and the researchers over the monetary disputes. Doctors round the world also cannot deceive the patients in carrying research with the tissues of the patients without their prior information. The patients donating to such cause will also get the recognition monetarily or socially. The ownership of the tissue right will solve the problem of those who are incapable of delivering child as the transfer of embryo or test tube baby will be legalized. Such right will make the donation process more transparent and more people will come forward to contribute to the cause. Efforts need to be taken so that no discrepancy sets in and the issue of the ownership right will succeed on the ethical operation of the patients, doctors and researchers. 18. 5N. The ownership of tissue will bring a complete menace in the society. Giving right to the individuals to decide the fate of the tissues may lead to the misappropriate uses. Such rights may cause sale of the body parts and tissues at a higher rate which will start a new mode of trade activities. Overall it will cause difficulties in the process of the medical research as the right will lead to the patents and the licensing of the tissues and the research agencies will not be encouraged to pay huge proportion of money for the purchase of tissues in conducting their research. The ownership of tissue also will prevent some patients to donate their tissues in fear of the disclosure of identities and the revealing of identifies in some section of the society may place them in a difficult position. Although laws will be framed in the ownership of tissues but the illegal activities will take place behind the background of the legal frame. References 1. Body of Research — Ownership and Use of Human Tissue, nejm, retrieved on 3rd December, 2011, http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp068192 2. Gunning, Jennifer, & Szoke, Helen, The Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technology, England, USA,: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2003 3. Skloot, Rebecca, Immortal life of Henrietta lacks, New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2011 4. Ten Have, H, Welie, Jos, V.M, Spicker, S.F, Ownership of the Human Body: Philosophical Considerations of the use of the Human Body and its Parts in Healthcare,The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 1998 5. Tissue Rights and Ownership: Is a Cell Line a Research Tool or a Person?, stir, retrieved on 3rd December, 2011: http://www.stlr.org/2010/03/tissue-rights-and-ownership-is-a-cell-line-a-research-tool-or-a-person/ 6. Us office of technology Assesment, Ownership of Human Tissues and Cells, London: The Minerva Group, Inc., 2002 Read More