Adverse Childhood Experiences - Case Study Example

Impact of adverse childhood experience Student’s name Institutional affiliation Date Impact of adverse childhood experience Adverse Childhood Experiences ( ACEs) refers to experiences caused by a traumatic condition or stress like neglect, suffering from abuse and household dysfunction that include; undergoing or observing a domestic violence at home, mental problem, using drug abuse substance, parent discord.ACEs do affect development and result to a lot of health issues throughout a person’s lifespan (Anda et al., 2006). For instance, a child whose exposed to events that cause chronic stressful led to the disruption of neurodevelopment. The disruption in the earlier child life can cause a lot of negative consequences. The child emotions can be disrupted or impaired, therefore if a child reaches adolescence may opt to use drug abuse substances as a coping mechanism (Brodsky & Stanley, 2008). The mechanism can lead to disability, social issues, prematurity, and other diseases. The essay will examine the effect of ACEs on development across the lifespan. Paul Edward, a biologist, came with the idea of knowledge translation. Knowledge translation refers to how users use information in transforming or improving the health system. It’s implementing the knowledge into the action. Knowledge translation involves an iterative process of dissemination, sound application, and synthesis. The process takes place between the researchers and individual users (Estabrooks et al., 2006). It varies as it depends on complexity, intensity, level of interaction while doing the research and the results of the findings if they meet the user’s needs. Synthesis’s the knowledge of the topic that includes carrying out intensive the results of research. It involves qualitative or quantitative, or both should be transparent and reproductive. Addition, other forms of synthesis include, realize reviews, Meta syntheses, narrative syntheses, guidelines, and Meta-analyses. Dissemination involves the availability of appropriate target, medium, and the message. Exchange of knowledge involves the interaction between the research findings and the knowledge user. Ethical sound involves all legal regulatory and other ethical principles being followed. The application refers to how knowledge is put into action to be practiced. The research was conducted by Andu and other researchers on the abuses, adverse childhood experiences, and their effects. Numerous questions were addressed during the study. The questions highlighted are such as the relationship between the adverse childhood experiences and their use of psychotropic as a medication. It affects the childhood experience as they develop to become an adult (Anda et al., 2006). From the study, it showed that children increase use of psychotropic medication has resulted as a cause of adult mental problems in future. The medication is very costly which can lead to traumatic stressors in a child. There has been an increased rate of the utilization of anxiolytic and antidepressant medication in both ages that’s the old, middle and the young age. A study carried out indicates that approximately millions of people in America suffer from mental and emotional illness is as a result of ACEs that induce a lifespan consequence. The study was to be conducted to help physicians to use prevention strategies and detect the early stages when a person is exposed before prescribing the use of psychotropic which has an effect on one’s lifespan. The data prescriptions supposed to be filled at the Kaiser Permanente that took place from January 1997 to the end of December 2004. The Target Age covered was between the ages of eighteen to ninety of the population in the United States. During the study, 6.1 percent of the population was excluded as a result of their membership expired and was considered valid. People who re-enrolled more than once during the follow-up were excluded. The enrolled were approximately 7.1percent of the total population and 20% of disenrolled. Both were excluded with the claim that they have an inadequate follow-up that can be used in the analysis. Eventually, the only sample size taken was 86.7 of the 2000 United States population. To ensure that persons with a follow-up that are discontinuous are not included, the analysis was repeatedly conducted on the excluded persons (Anda et al., 2006). The critique in the data collection is that majority of the people were excluded. For instance, those who were excluded because of their membership expiring that’s on1 January 1997 while it should be the final day of the deadline. The data population was big and could result in biases. There was numerous finding from the study on the effect of stress on children brain and physical system. Abuses like violence, domestic violence, traumatic events and other related ACES are kept hidden and not exposed to the world (Anda et al., 2006). The effect of stress becomes hidden to even some neuroscientists because they are regulated by the neural work and neuroendocrine system. However these are viewed on the child behavior, his health deteriorates and can have social issues. The research carried out provided evidence of dysfunction of the brain in the adults. The research was based on persons who had social and health problems. Therefore, they have a possibility of having a dysfunctional brain system. The findings indicated that physiological and neuroanatomical are very interactive. The function of a particular system cannot be attributed to health problems or behavior. Stress can lead to numerous problems in the brain that can cause permanent issue on the important functions of the body. For instance, causing problems on one’s ability to learn new skills, adapt diversity in the future and to regulate stress (Gunnar, 2006). There has been scientist’s evidence on stress that has lead increased development of childhood program and policy. Toxic stress `in early childhood has a great impact on developing the adult diseases. There has been a strong link showing the relationship between the beginning of the adversities that cause various health issues behavior. Stress that has accumulated over time can lead to functional and structural disruption leading to mental and physical illness (Anda et al., 2006). For instance, children who drink at a younger age are likely to use it as a coping mechanism. When dealing with stress. Young people who like to be involved in high-risk behavior are likely not to maintain social network, failures in school, join gang groups crime .While in the adult they become single parents, violence, involved in the crime, and homeless. The article is on the study of the effect of interactions of both human and animal on their Psychophysiological and psychosocial. From the study positive effect on human and animal interaction has been identified (Wells, 2009). For instance, there is an improvement in human social attention, mood, and interpersonal interaction. A human can reduce stress, therefore, limit himself from acquiring diseases such as heart rate, blood pressure, and cortical. Both the human and animal has reduced their anxiety and fear. Human has an improvement on both mentally physically specific on the cardiovascular health. There also been a great improvement in the functioning of the immune system (McCarty et al., 2009). Additionally there is an improvement in learning. For an effective HAI, the Oxytocin System (OT) should be mediated .for instance the calm effect of watching birds it’s as a result of OT system being activated. An investigated was carried out to view the effect that an aquarium has on a human being (Boissy et al., 2007). The outcome showed that people observing the aquarium showed lower muscular tension, lower heart rate and skin temperature increases as compared to the other group was following. There was no statistical significance as data was taken through quantitative. It focuses on data collection based on both human and animal. The HAI mechanism has been linked with other theories like the social support theories, polyvagal theory, and attachment theory. The theories support but restrict that only to apply to some extend OT affect HAI (Middlebrooks, & Audage, 2008). The article focuses on the early childhood and the effect of toxic stress on their life span. In biological systems development in children, they highly depend on the positive experience they encounter. Good experience will result in them in growing healthy into adults. (Adler & Stewart, 2010). A healthy childhood experience provides a good foundation for a sturdy brain that receives numerous learning capabilities and skills. Sustainable society can be made which creates a conducive environment and lives for the children. More research conducted indicates that earlier experience is usually building in the children bodies. Biological memories determine the stress response in the body thus affect the cardiovascular system, metabolic system and the development of the brain (Shonkoff, 2012). The disruption in physiological is consistent can lead to permanent lifespan impairment on mental and physical health. In the finding, it shows that different adult disorders began during the early life. The discipline of human development assists in providing the children with healthy life to strengthen socially and economic aspect of the society. The eco bio developmental framework is developed to help to investigate the impact of early experience in children. Additionally, examines the disruptive effect of toxic stress that later leads to future impairment on learning, mental and physical health. It gives the framework on how transformation application in medicine and other related fields. It gives suggest that more attention should be on development disorder as it results in permanent disorder in adults. The collection of data is based on quantitative analysis and not qualitative analysis. Therefore, there is no figure presented. It highly focuses on secondary sources in conducting the research where it borrows ideas from other researchers. Therefore, quantitative refers to getting structured data and random sampling as a collection instrument that base its response on the diverse experience. The findings or outcome are easier to compare, generalize and in summarizing. Reference Adler, N. E., & Stewart, J. (2010). Health disparities across the lifespan: meaning, methods, and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186(1), 5-23. Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., ... & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 256(3), 174-186. Boissy, A., Manteuffel, G., Jensen, M. B., Moe, R. O., Spruijt, B., Keeling, L. J., ... & Aubert, A. (2007). Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiology & Behavior, 92(3), 375-397. Brodsky, B. S., & Stanley, B. (2008). Adverse childhood experiences and suicidal behavior. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(2), 223-235. Estabrooks, C. A., Thompson, D. S., Lovely, J. J. E., & Hofmeyer, A. (2006). A guide to knowledge translation theory. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 26(1), 25-36. Gunnar, M. R. (2006). Social regulation of stress in early child development. Blackwell handbook of early childhood development, 106-125. McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Tomasino, D., & Bradley, R. T. (2009). The coherent heart: heart- brain interactions, psychophysiological coherence, and the emergence of system-wide order. Integral review, 5(2), 10-115. Middlebrooks, J. S., & Audage, N. C. (2008). The effects of childhood stress on health across the lifespan. Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., McGuinn, L., ... & Wood, D. L. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232-e246. Wells, D. L. (2009). The Effects of Animals on Human Health and Well‐Being. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 523-543. Read More

The study was to be conducted to help physicians to use prevention strategies and detect the early stages when a person is exposed before prescribing the use of psychotropics which has an effect on one’s lifespan.

The data prescriptions supposed to be filled at the Kaiser Permanente that took place from January 1997 to the end of December 2004. The Target Age covered was between the ages of eighteen to ninety of the population in the United States. During the study, 6.1 percent of the population was excluded as a result of their membership expired and was considered valid. People who re-enrolled more than once during the follow-up were excluded. The enrolled were approximately 7.1percent of the total population and 20% disenrolled. Both were excluded with the claim that they have an inadequate follow-up that can be used in the analysis. Eventually, the only sample size taken was 86.7 of the 2000 United States population. To ensure that persons with a follow-up that is discontinuous are not included, the analysis was repeatedly conducted on the excluded persons (Anda et al., 2006). The critique in the data collection is that majority of the people were excluded. For instance, those who were excluded because of their membership expiring that’s on1 January 1997 while it should be the final day of the deadline. The data population was big and could result in biases.

There was numerous finding from the study on the effect of stress on children brain and physical system. Abuses like violence, domestic violence, traumatic events, and other related ACES are kept hidden and not exposed to the world (Anda et al., 2006). The effect of stress becomes hidden to even some neuroscientists because they are regulated by the neural work and neuroendocrine system. However these are viewed on the child's behavior, his health deteriorates and can have social issues. The research carried out provided evidence of dysfunction of the brain in adults.  The research was based on persons who had social and health problems. Therefore, they have a possibility of having a dysfunctional brain system. The findings indicated that physiological and neuroanatomical are very interactive. The function of a particular system cannot be attributed to health problems or behavior.

Stress can lead to numerous problems in the brain that can cause permanent issues with the important functions of the body. For instance, causing problems in one’s ability to learn new skills, adapt to diversity in the future, and to regulate stress (Gunnar, 2006). There has been scientist’s evidence on stress that has lead to the increased development of childhood programs and policies. Toxic stress `in early childhood has a great impact on developing adult diseases. There has been a strong link showing the relationship between the beginning of the adversities that cause various health issues behavior. Stress that has accumulated over time can lead to functional and structural disruption leading to mental and physical illness (Anda et al., 2006).  For instance, children who drink at a younger age are likely to use it as a coping mechanism. When dealing with stress. Young people who like to be involved in high-risk behavior are likely not to maintain social networks, fail in school, join gang groups crime. While in the adult they become single parents, violent, involved in crime, and homeless.

The article is on the study of the effect of interactions of both human and animal on their Psychophysiological and psychosocial. From the study positive effect on human and animal interaction has been identified (Wells, 2009).  For instance, there is an improvement in human social attention, mood, and interpersonal interaction. A human can reduce stress, therefore, limit himself from acquiring diseases such as heart rate, blood pressure, and cortical. Both the human and animal has reduced their anxiety and fear. Human has an improvement on both mentally physically specific on the cardiovascular health.  There also been a great improvement in the functioning of the immune system (McCarty et al., 2009).

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