Evaluating Five Accounts for Sleep and Sleep Deprivation - Essay Example

Running Header: Basic perspective on motivation: Evaluating five accounts for sleep and Sleep deprivation Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course Code & Name: Date of Submission Basic perspective on motivation: Evaluating five accounts for sleep and sleep deprivation. Abstract The main purpose of the essay is to clearly analyze the perspectives for studying sleep deprivation to ascertain that it is a motivated behavior to many people, this is due to its increase in prevalence rates. The key findings include the analysis of the evolutionary perspective, Psychodynamic perspective, the behavioral perspective, cognitive perspective and the hierarchy of needs perspective, the analysis narrows into a conclusion of Psychodynamic as the best of all to study sleep deprivation, the essay concludes by indicating that sleep deprivation is a motivated behavior to many people. Studies must be conducted to find the best solution as this may end up to a psychological crisis in the whole world especially to the working class. Introduction Psychology as a study has become an interesting subject in today’s world; it guides arguments on many issues. This essay is meant to address one major issue of concern to many Psychologists. The main point of concern is the basic perspective on motivation while basically focusing on sleep and sleep deprivation as well as evaluating the five major accounts of why many people are faced by this problem of sleep deprivation. The man terms in this essay are sleep; this refers to the state of rest which comes naturally whereby the consciousness of the world is put aside. The next term is sleep deprivation which refers to the condition of lack of having enough sleep. Many people are faced with this challenge of having little sleep mainly due to working hours. There has been evidence of people not controlling the need to have a slumber especially during their working hours. It is therefore, crucial to psychologically understand the concept of sleep deprivation and at the same time understanding evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioural, and cognitive and the hierarchy of need perspective accounts of sleep deprivation. The essay will bring out concrete conclusion of the best account to explain sleep deprivation (Wilson, 2005). As Burton,Western and Kowalski (2009) elaborates, evolutionary account of motivation considers actions as replete; they happen through natural means, when a person have a schedule of repeated actions or behavior over a period of time he or she is like to respond positively to this. This particular schedule can also be termed as a learning process which is considered as a motivation towards the behavior of a person. The body becomes receptive to this repeated kind of behavior. The evolutionary motivation further gives a controversial argument that any kind of psychological behavior is naturally oriented. This poses a question, can sleep be induced? Is there a medication for lack of sleep? , if this is the case therefore, lack of sleep is also naturally oriented. The argument that evolution mainly favours those organisms which maximize their fitness is very interesting. In relation to the case of sleep and sleep deprivation; there are those who are capable to resist sleep at any given time as they are capable of having maximum utility of their fitness to offer resistance to sleep if the evolutionary account is to be followed. On the contrary, if any psychological behavior such as sleeping is natural resisting it may be a huge task, the reason why many people sleep while at work places, may be due to working long hours or lack of sleep at the time they are supposed to rest. This makes sleep deprivation to be a motivated behavior. The Evolutionary account basically explains that sleep just like any other human behavior is a learned process through a fixed patterns of behavior, therefore a person is capable of sleeping short hours during a day as long as this pattern is not altered, but this will interfere with the normal sleep life causing sleep deprivation symptoms. A person has to get enough sleep without altering the schedule to avoid development of sleep deprivation. I do not recommend evolutionally perspective for studying sleep deprivation as a motivated behavior. The Psychodynamic perspective of motivation relates motivation to the unconscious mental forces which drive a person to behave in a certain manner. Sleep for example is a strong mental drive; the only way is to sleep when one feels sleepy. This is dependent on how strong the motive is; the development of internal desires which build, until they get satisfied. In this case when the desire to sleep is too much, this is the reason as to why many people are faced with a challenge of sleeping while at the work places. This shows that the unconscious desire to sleep have to be fulfilled through taking a slumber. The reason why sleep deprivation become a motivated behavior is because many people do not fulfill the desire of the body to have enough sleep. A strong desire of having rest is the one which causes sleep deprivation characterized by dizziness and fatigue. This account of motivation is the best explanation of how sleep deprivation occurs; when a person consciously represses the feeling of sleep and rest too much mainly due to working hours, leisure among other things; causes the body to become exhausted, therefore, leading to the unconscious action of sleeping or fatigue at work places. This leads to the main view that sleep is as a result of unconscious body action which must be fulfilled to make the body work properly without the syndromes of lacking enough sleep. I do recommend Psychodynamic perspective for studying sleep deprivation as a motivated behavior (Burton,Western and Kowalski,2009) The main argument in the behaviourist perspective is that many people tend to be interested in behaving in a manner likely to be honored by the environment rather than behaving in a way that the environment will have them punished (Burton, 2009). Deprivation from sleep happens when the internal organs of the body have an influence on the whole body; this happens because all organs within the body of a human being have their needs, when these needs are not fulfilled, they bring out strong drives which motivate sleep deprivation. Motivation mainly arises when there is a combination of drives and reinforcement. When a human being consciously denies his or her body enough sleep, the internal organs tend to build tensions and signs of depravation start emerging; dizziness, memory loss and fatigue. These symptoms arise to as a response to unfulfilled desire. The only best action after these symptoms of sleep deprivation is to have enough sleep as lack of sleep has very severe consequences which may include: growth suppression, obesity, irritability and loss of memory among others (Wilson, 2005). The drive for sleep mainly is innate it occurs naturally, therefore, the desires of the human body has to be fulfilled to evade the sleep deprivation as well as to make the body relax. Drive reduction becomes a motivator in many cases. Drives motivators are aroused by incentives for example an appetite may be arouse due to a nice smelling meal, similarly various incentives arouse the feeling of sleep. For example presence of a comfortable seat at the working place may increase a motivating drive in response to sleep deprivation. I do not recommend behaviourist perspective for studying sleep deprivation as a motivated behavior. Cognitive perspective of motivation assumes that human behaviour is motivated by the value places in attainment of a particular goal as explained by Burton et al (2009). Goal setting theory is the main focus by the cognitive motivation; Setting of goals which are attainable, acts as a motivation for many people to work hard; so as to achieve them. In my view sleep can also be set as a goal; when this goal is not achieved the body responds as it feels deprived of a necessity. The body then reacts by giving symptoms of sleep deprivation. As suggested by Deci et al, (1999 as cited in Burton et al, 2009), there are three innate needs and their fulfillment becomes a great motivation unlike when they are not accomplished. The human expectancy theory suggests that human beings become motivated they place much value on any likely outcome and the manner in which it is or it can be accomplished. Conscious setting of goals is seen to regulate much of human behavior. Accomplishment of goals is the most important in cognitive perspective. The main merit of this perspective is that sleep is not a measurable goal; sleep just like a goal has to be accomplished to avoid depravation, setting a goal of maximizing rest is a motivation towards a good behavior of avoiding negative reaction from the body to force one to sleep. It is now clear how sleep deprivation occurs and the best way to evade it is to have well set goals as a motivator. I do not recommend cognitive perspective for studying sleep deprivation as a motivated behavior. As Burton et al (2009) indicates priorities are set for different needs; therefore, sleep deprivation acts as a motivation towards setting priorities towards a certain aim. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs suggest that the lower needs that are basic have to be fulfilled first. These needs are the driving force for the behavior of human being. Sleep deprivation ranks the need for sleep, causing motivation towards fulfillment of sleep. When the desire to sleep is accomplished, people are motivated towards other things such as growth, socialization and existence. This perspective fails to group sleep in a particular priority; therefore, studying sleep deprivation under this perspective becomes a challenge. However, if ranking of sleep in the first category is possible, its accomplishment becomes the first thing followed by others. Therefore, sleep deprivation as a concern for psychologists cannot be studied well if grouped ranked above other things such as shelter, because if it comes after them in the hierarchy of needs its accomplishment rugs behind. Though this perspective can be used mainly to those who give sleep the last priority making sleep deprivation a motivated behavior. I do not recommend hierarchy of needs perspective for studying sleep deprivation as a motivated behavior. Conclusion The main title of the essay is basic perspective on motivation and evaluation of the five accounts for sleep and sleep deprivation. The main aim this essay is to enhance an understanding on how sleep deprivation is a motivated behavior. As noted the prevalence rate of sleep deprivation is very high especially in the United States mostly to those working long hours; and it is known to have effects such as fatigue, loss of memory and obesity among other negative impacts. Firstly evolutionary perspective explains very well how the body responds to a repeated action or behavior, its main shortcoming is argues that some human beings can be able to resist the forces of sleep, thus it cannot be appropriate for conducting research on sleep deprivation. Secondly psychodynamic perspective elaborates well that sleep deprivation is caused by unfulfilled satisfaction of the body organs to have sleep; making a mental force towards sleeping. This is a strong perspective as it directly links lack of sleep with sleep deprivation. Thirdly, the behavioural perspective directly shows the need to have the internal organs’ needs fulfilled to avoid sleep deprivation. However, it lacks a clear guidance as people have varying behavior therefore studying them will take long. Fourthly, cognitive approach, shows how actions are goal oriented; its main point of concern is how long to study so as to get the desired results. Fifthly, Hierarchy of needs perspective focuses mainly on prioritizing needs; the main shortcoming when studying sleep deprivation is where to place sleep as a priority. Lastly it is worth noting that Psychodynamic perspective gives a better explanation as regarding fulfillment of body desires among them sleep to avoid sleep deprivation. It is the best of all to study sleep deprivation as a motivated behavior. References Burton, L., Western, D., and Kowalski, R. (2009).Psychology. (2nd ed). Milton, Australia: John Wiley and Sons. Wilson, J. F. (2005). Is sleep the new vital sign? Annals of internal Medicine, 142, (1207). Glossary Term Definition Cognitive - The psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning Deprivation- The disadvantage that arise when one looses something Evolutionary- relating to evolution Psychodynamic- study of psychological forces which results in a particular behaviour Hierarchy- set of order in priority manner Sleep- a natural recurring state of rest; consciousness is suspended Read More

This particular schedule can also be termed as a learning process which is considered as a motivation towards the behavior of a person. The body becomes receptive to this repeated kind of behavior. The evolutionary motivation further gives a controversial argument that any kind of psychological behavior is naturally oriented. This poses a question, can sleep be induced? Is there a medication for lack of sleep? , if this is the case therefore, lack of sleep is also naturally oriented. The argument that evolution mainly favours those organisms which maximize their fitness is very interesting.

In relation to the case of sleep and sleep deprivation; there are those who are capable to resist sleep at any given time as they are capable of having maximum utility of their fitness to offer resistance to sleep if the evolutionary account is to be followed. On the contrary, if any psychological behavior such as sleeping is natural resisting it may be a huge task, the reason why many people sleep while at work places, may be due to working long hours or lack of sleep at the time they are supposed to rest.

This makes sleep deprivation to be a motivated behavior. The Evolutionary account basically explains that sleep just like any other human behavior is a learned process through a fixed patterns of behavior, therefore a person is capable of sleeping short hours during a day as long as this pattern is not altered, but this will interfere with the normal sleep life causing sleep deprivation symptoms. A person has to get enough sleep without altering the schedule to avoid development of sleep deprivation.

I do not recommend evolutionally perspective for studying sleep deprivation as a motivated behavior. The Psychodynamic perspective of motivation relates motivation to the unconscious mental forces which drive a person to behave in a certain manner. Sleep for example is a strong mental drive; the only way is to sleep when one feels sleepy. This is dependent on how strong the motive is; the development of internal desires which build, until they get satisfied. In this case when the desire to sleep is too much, this is the reason as to why many people are faced with a challenge of sleeping while at the work places.

This shows that the unconscious desire to sleep have to be fulfilled through taking a slumber. The reason why sleep deprivation become a motivated behavior is because many people do not fulfill the desire of the body to have enough sleep. A strong desire of having rest is the one which causes sleep deprivation characterized by dizziness and fatigue. This account of motivation is the best explanation of how sleep deprivation occurs; when a person consciously represses the feeling of sleep and rest too much mainly due to working hours, leisure among other things; causes the body to become exhausted, therefore, leading to the unconscious action of sleeping or fatigue at work places.

This leads to the main view that sleep is as a result of unconscious body action which must be fulfilled to make the body work properly without the syndromes of lacking enough sleep. I do recommend Psychodynamic perspective for studying sleep deprivation as a motivated behavior (Burton,Western and Kowalski,2009) The main argument in the behaviourist perspective is that many people tend to be interested in behaving in a manner likely to be honored by the environment rather than behaving in a way that the environment will have them punished (Burton, 2009).

Deprivation from sleep happens when the internal organs of the body have an influence on the whole body; this happens because all organs within the body of a human being have their needs, when these needs are not fulfilled, they bring out strong drives which motivate sleep deprivation. Motivation mainly arises when there is a combination of drives and reinforcement. When a human being consciously denies his or her body enough sleep, the internal organs tend to build tensions and signs of depravation start emerging; dizziness, memory loss and fatigue.

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