Falsehood in Daily Life Ender and Pending Future Interaction - Coursework Example

LYING BEHAVIOUR TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Introduction……………………………………………………….. Study findings…………………………………………………….. Differences in lie telling…………………………………. Why people lie………………………………………….. Day to day life………………………………………….. Differences in deception……………………………….. Method………………………………………………… Results…………………………………………………. Discussion Reference………………………………………………. Abstract The main aim of carrying out this was to find the relationship between neuroticism and extraversion as far as telling lies is concerned in males and females in a week. In this research different methods including questionnaire, video-cameras were used to achieve this. The research aimed at finding out why people lie, how gender has influenced lying, reasons, how lying has become a day today routine, the simple consequences that are accompanied by lies. A correlation test was done between neuroticism and extraversion and the two variables were found to be significantly correlated. A t-test test was also done to show how gender influenced the number of lies per week. Introduction A lie is an un- ingenuous statement and according to research through forms like questionnaires it’s been found out that almost everybody lie in day to day life situation depending on interactions. Interests in lying surpass most displinary, cultural and historical boundaries. In this research I shall base on critical matters such as the various reasons as to why people lie some being for exploitation, self-confidence, consciousness management, socialization and maybe affability. Several occasions lead persons to deceit such as in common law, job interviews, protection from embarrassment and for material gain. Different categories of people deceit some of which is according to age and that’s why we have age related lies differences. Consequences that go hand in hand with lying shouldn’t be left out because to some scientists its affirmed to be a form of fraud and this may include losing a chance for the job opportunity especially when found out and also in law courts its assumed that the defendant knows he’s guilty and the prosecution may rely that everything said by the defendant are total lies among others (Solomon, Lewis, 1993). It is also found that people lie overwhelmingly about themselves compared to lying about others or uncongenial topics. A t-test was carried in comparing the scores of lies in male and female where the hypothesis were: H0 There is no difference in mean scores of lies per week between male and female H1 There is a difference in the lie per week scores between male and female A correlation between two categories of persons with different interests and characteristics i.e. those who do not believe in themselves or have issues with their courage (neuroticism) and those who are sure with themselves like they are sociable, very excited and express emotions (extraversion) was also performed and its hypothesis was: H0 There is no relationship between extroversive and neurotic variables H1 There is a correlation between the two variables Difference in lie telling It’s stipulated that those who tell lies differ from those who do not characteristically same to those who tell more and fewer lies, for instance the former are unlike the latter. It’s also assumed that personality can also be a gauge of the kinds of lies that people make for its thought that those in relationship would tell fewer lies (Kashy, 1996). Why people lie Lying can instrumentally be used to realize interactional goals such as winning friends and influencing persons. This is the heart of Machiavellianism, persons reach in this show very little concern in cultural morality and openly admit they will influence in order to get what they intend to get despite they don’t lure or exploit others when they know that they will remain suffering (Kashy, 1996). Lying sometimes makes people to seem good and intelligent to those who do not really know them because they tend to boost their CV and they are mostly spoken by those with self- esteem issues and by so doing they build their confidence (Bond, C. F., & DePaulo, B. M., 2008). The other reason of lying is to motivate oneself and win a nice impression by trying as much as possible to be a person that others might admire to have. They always pretend to be those who they are not and tend to appreciate and agree with other people. It is found out that those with low self-esteem and high social anxiety tend to lie more. (Kashy, 1996) Research suggests that in western society, we find widespread in public condemnation of lies. The highly socialized are more likely to tell especially fewer lies for self benefit, than the less socialized persons. Some self-definition aspects to people embracing cultural wisdom such as honesty and self integrity, they tell fewer lies but realize they do unlike others. Higher people in social desirability fail to claim commonplace shortcomings and claim the unusual virtue, as evidence clearly outlines that they are in possession of more desirably deemed qualities in western culture. Due to that reason such persons should not only tell fewer lies but fewer selfish lies. However, there are two kernels of deception included in social desirability. One, 'self-deception': those are higher social desirability persons who have a self- belief of being more virtuous than they really are. Two, other deception: the persons higher in social desirability have a more self-description as virtuous than actually they believe themselves to be (M.Bella, A.Deborah, Sussan, & Melissa, 1996). There is a prediction that persons more drawn to social life are more probable to telling lies, but this does not predict that the more they socialize the more they are probe to telling lies. This is because, in our research we use the number of lies told by a person as the rate of lying which was the measure of telling lies with relation to the opportunities of lying they have. As the purpose of social interaction is that lying is for self interest and the interest of others, it also suggests you can predict another person telling a lie too. During socialization there is a high possibility of success in lying more easily and habitual. According to research, we can predict that extraverts do tell lies more than the introverts (De Paulo & Kashy, 1998). Differences in deception According to research difference in deception has come up due to age variation where by the young generation tend to convince people easily than the old people. A convincing lie should have its points and facts straight without contradictions (Schlenker, 1992). It also requires one with insight to measure the level of conviction, the old are associated with decline in executive lies and when an adult is lying or telling the truth compared to a minor. (Ted, Janice, Jamin, & Tina, 2012) Day to day life Its been stipulated that telling lies has become a day to day routine since in western society people even without any evil intensions, more so there are reasons as to why people have decided to tell lies despite it being a vice in the society. Indeed to some extend it has helped the society in making people fit in the society even though they don’t wish to. For instance the nature of women is that they are very cautious and smiley and therefore tend to interact more with many people compared to men and try their best to sell the good character which isn’t theirs thus lying. (M.Bella, A.Deborah, Sussan, & Melissa, 1996) Method Participants In this study there were 1000 participants from the University of Virginia of which 474 were male and 526 were female, they were students taking different courses. The University has people of different caliber, interests and status and therefore they were selected at random but from ages 18-68 as minimum and maximum respectively, with a mean of 32.88 (SD=9.185).The percentage of the of the male respondents were 47.4% and that of female being 52.6% giving a cumulative frequency percentage of 100. Materials The materials used for the task were questionnaires and video recorders. The questionnaires were given to a number of individuals randomly in a hall but not all. As for the video cameras, they were set in a hall in such a way that they recorded the head and the shoulders of the participants and their interactions. Procedure The detection task was carried out in three phases; phase 1- introduction. Phase 2-recording period. Phase 3-final stage where participants answered additional questions. Phase 1: introduction to the study. Notices were sent to all participants from who had responded to the advertisements at the University of Virginia, which described the research at the advertisements and indicated that they would receive a credit of $25 for the task. They all attended a meeting conducted by some of the research team members, where they were told that they would have to interact with partners in a hall and their interactions recorded. The participants were also guided on how they should fill the forms containing participant’s details and answer questionnaires, and after this there was an agreement and the task of lies detection was ready to carry on. Phase 2: recording social interactions and lies. The following day after the introductory day, the 7 day recording period began. The participants were urged to be filling the forms and the questionnaires for the few who had been offered with copies. They went for the interaction session where each participant had to come up with a topic and the partner without the partner noticing any lie that he would use. After the interaction session the records were collected by members of the research team and this went on for 7 days. Phase 3: additional measures and questions. After the 7 days of lies detection, the participants were required to answer some questions depending on the number of occasions they lied. They also confirmed if they had the knowledge to whether they were lying, and what the importance of lying was. Participants also explained why it was important to lie and not get caught. They were also accountable for their answers in questionnaires. Results The mean of females who lied that week was slightly higher than that of male by 0.38. From table 2b results indicate that there was an alpha level of .01.the female still turned out to still lie more, t(998) = -5.288, p Read More

Why people lie Lying can instrumentally be used to realize interactional goals such as winning friends and influencing persons. This is the heart of Machiavellianism, persons reach in this show very little concern in cultural morality and openly admit they will influence in order to get what they intend to get despite they don’t lure or exploit others when they know that they will remain suffering (Kashy, 1996). Lying sometimes makes people to seem good and intelligent to those who do not really know them because they tend to boost their CV and they are mostly spoken by those with self- esteem issues and by so doing they build their confidence (Bond, C. F., & DePaulo, B. M., 2008).

The other reason of lying is to motivate oneself and win a nice impression by trying as much as possible to be a person that others might admire to have. They always pretend to be those who they are not and tend to appreciate and agree with other people. It is found out that those with low self-esteem and high social anxiety tend to lie more. (Kashy, 1996) Research suggests that in western society, we find widespread in public condemnation of lies. The highly socialized are more likely to tell especially fewer lies for self benefit, than the less socialized persons.

Some self-definition aspects to people embracing cultural wisdom such as honesty and self integrity, they tell fewer lies but realize they do unlike others. Higher people in social desirability fail to claim commonplace shortcomings and claim the unusual virtue, as evidence clearly outlines that they are in possession of more desirably deemed qualities in western culture. Due to that reason such persons should not only tell fewer lies but fewer selfish lies. However, there are two kernels of deception included in social desirability.

One, 'self-deception': those are higher social desirability persons who have a self- belief of being more virtuous than they really are. Two, other deception: the persons higher in social desirability have a more self-description as virtuous than actually they believe themselves to be (M.Bella, A.Deborah, Sussan, & Melissa, 1996). There is a prediction that persons more drawn to social life are more probable to telling lies, but this does not predict that the more they socialize the more they are probe to telling lies.

This is because, in our research we use the number of lies told by a person as the rate of lying which was the measure of telling lies with relation to the opportunities of lying they have. As the purpose of social interaction is that lying is for self interest and the interest of others, it also suggests you can predict another person telling a lie too. During socialization there is a high possibility of success in lying more easily and habitual. According to research, we can predict that extraverts do tell lies more than the introverts (De Paulo & Kashy, 1998).

Differences in deception According to research difference in deception has come up due to age variation where by the young generation tend to convince people easily than the old people. A convincing lie should have its points and facts straight without contradictions (Schlenker, 1992). It also requires one with insight to measure the level of conviction, the old are associated with decline in executive lies and when an adult is lying or telling the truth compared to a minor. (Ted, Janice, Jamin, & Tina, 2012) Day to day life Its been stipulated that telling lies has become a day to day routine since in western society people even without any evil intensions, more so there are reasons as to why people have decided to tell lies despite it being a vice in the society.

Indeed to some extend it has helped the society in making people fit in the society even though they don’t wish to. For instance the nature of women is that they are very cautious and smiley and therefore tend to interact more with many people compared to men and try their best to sell the good character which isn’t theirs thus lying. (M.Bella, A.

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