Motivation, Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality - Essay Example

Motivation, Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality Name: Institution: Motivation The term motivation refers to the process under which various organisms respond to certain behaviors. These actions may be experience due to the organisms’ aspiration towards certain elicits and objectives directed in order to acquire certain behaviors. For instance, a young child can get angry with the parents or caretakers when denied the right to play, but through motivation, the child would become happy and forgot the issue (Monica, 2011, pp56). Various ways exists that facilitate motivation, therefore, the process of motivation can be achieved through social motivation, physiological, congestive and behavioral form of motivation. The process of motivation is of great importance to any organism because it helps in changing the status of the organization especially negative feelings to positive feelings, for instance, from pain to pleasure. Some of the ways of motivation may be through persuasion, eating for the hungry organisms, resting, laughing, and dancing among others. The term motivations have two main concepts, which include the internal and the external concept. When referring to internal motives, they are taken as the requirements that every organism especially human being, experiences. On the other hand, external motives represent certain unique situation, which reflects the needs of such motives. Apart from the concepts of motivations, there are other to main types of motivation, the intrinsic and the extrinsic motivations (Schermerhorn, 2011, pp124). On the part of the intrinsic motivation, it deals with motives that are personal, which do exist on the organisms themselves, therefore, their motivation are inbuilt. In the process of achieving intrinsic motivation, the organism involves takes pleasure in the process of getting their desired more than participating towards the reward itself, therefore, organisms that involves in the intrinsic motivation always engaged in such processes willingly without being motivated by others. This process of motivation is important to the organisms as it help the participant in improving their skills and increases their capability in their undertaking. In order for one to be motivated intrinsically, one needs to believe that he or she has the skills that will give them the chance of achieving their desire as their end results may not be based on luck. Apart from having the belief, one needs to be interested in the area where he or she needs the change. Moreover, they should have in mind that this form of motivation is self-participation; therefore, they should expect little help from other partners. Another form of motivation is extrinsic motivation, which is the opposite of the intrinsic motivation because it forces the participant to perform certain activities for them to attain their wants, hence, may not be self-motivated. During this form of motivation, it is believes that there are two forms of functionality that the process results to, the energetic activation, which is one of the main component of the motivation and the directional behaviors that triggers the achievement, therefore, extrinsic motivation must be from the outside of the individual involved. Some of the benefits of this form of motivation, especially to students, may include good grades, and money rewards due a well done job among others (Williams, 2010, pp345). Extrinsic is a gradual process and need to be motivated at a tender age. Therefore, it is important on young children, for instance, tong children can be motivated to read certain storybooks and novels making them to be motivated on the stories in such books. In order to avoid monopoly, parents and teachers should make sure that they provide variety of books with different story line in order for their children to develop in different area. This would prepare their children towards better future in their studies. Definition of Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality Valence is the process of describing emotions in organism, which can be describe through intrinsic attractiveness, define as the positive valence and the negative valence, known as evasiveness triggers through an event or situation. Therefore, the term is used to describe and categorized various emotions in the organism depending on their situations. The criterion for emotion of the valence helps in the definition of certain emotion. During the absence of the valence, it can be used to exclude other words like surprise. The degree of valence can be measured in various ways, which depends on certain biased reports. Other forms of measurement of the valence include observation, where a research can be done where information is gathered and the observations are made from the findings (Monica, 2011, pp100). Therefore, in order to come up with accurate measurement, there is need to use various methods like the facial action coding system, which is the modern method. Therefore, the relationship that exist between emotion and valence is that both depend on the other, for instance, the results of the motivation is measured through the use of the valence, making it one of the fundamentals in the process of motivation. Expectancy on the other hand is the process that is used to determine the behavior of organisms. This process is always based on theory, because their results are not defined as they depend on some selected behaviors, hence, their outcome depends on their desire. Before taking part in expectancy, one needs to make a solid and appropriate choice in order for a good result to be realized. The process work under the control of the brain as it is a mental process that is based on choice, hence, helps in decision-making. Some of the areas of application of the expectancy theory are in the industrial sector, where the decision needs to be made through choices as per the situation of the organization (Schermerhorn, 2011, pp206). Therefore, the relationship that exists between motivation and expectancy is that through expectancy, the decision of the approach of the motivation to be used can be determined. Expectancy consequently is like the path through which the process of proper motivation can be followed, making it important during motivation process. Instrumentality is the process of evaluation of the behaviors of the organisms. The process of instrumentality is based on imaginations; therefore, their results can only be triggered through observation. Scientists mostly use instrumentality in the scientific research because they are used to create concepts whose results are not known. Various relationships exist between instrumentality, motivation and valence. For instance, instrumentality is good to be use during motivation because some of the results of motivations are undefined (Williams, 2010, pp430). Therefore, it is good for the process of instrumentality to be applied. The relationship between instrumentality and valence is that the valence can be used to describe the results of the expectancy. Therefore, in order to come up with good and accurate motivation, it is important for the parties involve understanding all the aspects of the valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Motivation in Achieving Certain Goals From the above motivation, it is important for anyone, involves in the process of motivation, to take note of some issues. For instance, before taking part in motivation, it is important for one to understand the situation on the ground in order to come up with the best procedure of the process. Apart from being knowledgeable of the situation, it is advisable for the participant to take have the desire to go through the process. Therefore, it is good for the people involve having morale of the process f motivation. This is important because it provide proper foundation for the motivation. Another important requirement to be considered during the process of motivation is the understanding other aspect of motivations such as valence, instrumentality and expectancy. This would help the participants to understand some of the challenges and have a clue of the feedback to be expected. In order for one to be able to complete this process of motivation, it is also important for the people involve expecting any result, either positive or negative depending on the approach used in the process. During the process of motivation, it is important for the people involve, knowing the type of motivation they should go for in order to achieve their desire. This should be based on the types and concepts of motivation. Therefore, the organism will be able to know whether the type of motivation they require is either self-driven or the external one, which will help them to decide on the form of motivation to choose (Monica, 2011, pp156). In addition, it is important for the organism to have some ideas of the expected results as these results can affect them positively or negatively. In case the organism expect a different feedback apart from the desired one, it is better for the organism to look for another option that may trigger a positive result. Moreover, they should have positive attitude towards the motivation process and expect positive results, for instance, a student who wants good grades should work positively towards the achieving of such good grades rather than having poor attitude towards the subjects but expects good grades. Therefore, motivation is important because it results to positive change in our life through acquiring new things of our desire. It also important because it bring peace among us, hence, creation of better society if the process is taken positively. References: Monika, Bansal, 2011, E-Leadership: A New Paradigm. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House Schermerhorn, John, R, 2011, Exploring Management, New York City: John Wiley & Sons Williams, Chuck, 2010, Management, Stamford: Cengage Learning. Read More