Directed : Cognitive Behavioural Approach of AB - Literature review Example

Directed Review Summary of the Journal Article The journal “Exaggerated Attention Blink Response in Prisoners with Externalising”, written by Baskin-Sommers et.al. (2012), elaborates the diverse phenotypic expression and different behavioural deficiencies that are identified to be an outcome of externalising behaviour. Externalising behaviour are negative behaviours directed towards the external environment. People possessing this behavioural trend usually express their negative emotions through aggression and oppositional behaviour. This type of behaviours can be associated with toddlers, which subsides with the increase in age. The outburst of externalising behaviour results in vandalism, physical aggression and impulsive behaviour in adolescence stage (Hill et al., 2006). The authors also claim that externalising behaviours are not related to abnormal distribution of attention. The study has been performed on a sample constituting of male prisoners to assess the externalising behaviour on their ‘Impulsive-Antisociality’ scale. On observing behavioural traits it was identified that the prisoner who had high marking on the Impulsive- Antisociality scale had steeper Attention Blink (Baskin-Sommers et al., 2012). Critical Review People suffering from externalising behavioural trait usually over-allocate attention. Attention has been defined to be a phenomenon to concentrate or focus on one thing, while ignoring all other going in the same way. Attention is defined to be one of the consequential performances that the human brain performs (Oakley, 2004). At a larger context, attention is the processing of human information, which enhances the concentration towards particular information and inhibits the others at a given instance. Externalising behaviour has always led to deficit of attention or hyperactive disorders. Moreover, while analysing various cases psychiatrist has come across disorder of stimulating auditory attention (Palermo et al., 2006). Another trait that has been identified among the people suffering from disorder of externalising behaviour is executive functioning. Executive functioning is a set of interrelated skills and behavioural competencies that are necessary for performing independent goal directed activities and purposeful. The executive functioning activities include cognitive behaviours, attention control, information processing abilities and goal setting abilities (Corbett, n.d.). Accordingly, another behavioural trait identified by the authors to be an outcome of the externalising behaviour is termed as Attentional Blink (AB). AB is a paradigm that makes the participants to identify two visual targets. Under these discrepancies the respondents identifies one target successfully, while fails to register the other. This gap between responses occurs as a result of lack of attention hence, termed as AB (Baskin-Sommers et al., 2012). Observing human behaviours it has been noted that humans have difficulty in acquiring sensible information of all the stimuli arising from multiple sources simultaneously. This can be because of the temporary loss of attention (Shaprio et al., 1997). According to Dux & Marois (2009), under the condition of Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) the participants fails to report about the targets that are being displayed. The early researches explained that the perceptual features of the participants were observed to be interfered at intervals with the flow of RSVP streams (Dux & Marois, 2009). AB has been broadly identified to be a traditional method of hypothesis that was used to identify and assess the temporary loss of attention in humans. The externaliser’s strong attention orientation and over allocation of attention to the rare or unexpected stimuli leads to violent responses (Baskin-Sommers & Newman, 2013). The journal has clearly defined the possible causes of externalising behaviour detailing on the responses collected by the prisoners. Appropriateness of the Approach The research paper elaborated on externalising behaviour observed among the prisoners. The paper explains the AB that has been affecting behavioural trend among the externalisers. The authors have detailed on the over allocation of attention that led to the vulnerable responses among the people diagnosed of hyperactive externalising behaviour. Depending on this analysis, the journal focuses on goal to examine the relationship between the Impulsive-Antisociality scores. To increase the authenticity of the collected data the authors have also followed different approaches in relation to the psychological theories. The different dysfunctional anomalies have been duly elaborated elucidating the evidences from the studies of the other researchers. The authors have provided a detailed analysis of the externalising behaviour that over prioritises the process of cognitive behaviour among the externalisers (Baskin-Sommers et al., 2012). Depending on the requirement of the study, authors have focused on collecting responses from a sample of forty-eight males in the Southern Wisconsin. The sample consisted of people below the age of 45 years and was not diagnosed with any kind of clinical psychological disorder. In order to measure the intelligence quotient the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS) (Firmin et al., 2009), has been used. The scale is used to rate the different cognitive behaviours that led to such vulnerable responses. The collected data was then standardised on a linear combination measuring their z-scores (McGee et al., 2011). The research explained the tendency of over-allocation of attention to salient events among the prisoners, who scored high on Impulsive-Antisociality measures. Moreover, the prisoners who had high externalising behaviour had greater AB than the ones, who displayed low level of externalising behavioural traits. It has also been observed in the paper that the tendency of over-allocating the ‘attentional resources’ on the ‘intrinsically salient stimuli’ is evident among the externalisers. Additionally, while performing the AB paradigm on the prisoners it was noted that prisoners displaying high externalising behaviour could easily recover from their phase of temporary loss of attention. This phenomenon was missing among the prisoners who scored low on the externalising behaviour (Baskin-Sommers et al., 2012). The research methodology used was sufficient to meet the requirements of the research study. The collected data was in line with the study as the data successfully authenticated reports. The standardised statistical calculations and analysis at various levels have increased the relevance of the data. The different hypothesis increased the significance of the collected data and enhanced the standard of the study. By implementing both qualitative and quantitative analysis on the collected primary data, the authors increased the importance of their study by taking references form the responses of the participants affected by externalising behaviour (Baskin-Sommers et al., 2012). The journal has successfully maintained its originality through collection of the primary data from the respondents, who have been suffering from the disorder of the externalising behaviour. Moreover, by performing various quantitative tests on the collected data authors increased the specificity of AB on the externaliser’s behaviour (Baskin-Sommers et al., 2012). The present research focused on the preliminary evidences that were associated with the externalising behaviour and elaborated the basic measures of attention allocation. Furthermore, the research could focus on interactive influences of attention regulation. Moreover, the different cognitive behavioural traits were analysed to results in high order impulsive behaviour for the people engaged in antisocial lifestyle portraying externalising behaviour (Baskin-Sommers et al., 2012). Reflection After following the detailed analysis of the paper, I have developed a new view of cognitive behavioural approach of AB. Initially, I considered this temporal gap to be very high among the people suffering from high externalising behaviours. Moreover, I perceived this cognitive behaviour to be a constant paradigm that was irreparable among the people of high exrternalising behavioural traits. However, after analysing the different behavioural traits displayed among the prisoners, my view has changed to a greater extent. The irreparable behaviour trait was observed to be easily rectified by the prisoners, who scored high on the externalising behavioural traits. The prisoners with high ‘Impulsive-Antisociality’ were easily able to rectify their deficiency of reporting about the second target than the prisoners who scored low on the same scale. Therefore, my view about the AB paradigm among the people having high score on the externalising behaviour has changed. References Baskin-Sommers, A. R., & Newman, J. P. (2013). Differentiating the cognition-emotion interactions that characterize psychopathy versus externalizing. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1-10. Baskin-Sommers, A., Wolf, R., Buckholtz, J., Warren, C., & Newman, J. (2012). Exaggerated attention blink response in prisoners with externalising. Author manuscript, 46(6). 688–693. Corbett, C. (n.d.). Rehabilitation of executive functioning following paediatric traumatic brain injury: A goal management training intervention. Department of Psychology, 1-20. Dux, P. E., & Marois, R. (2009). The attentional blink: A review of data and theory. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 2-10. Firmin, M., Hwang, C., Evens, J., Keyser, S., & Bennington, J. (2009). Correlations Among the Quick Picture Reading Test, The Shipley Institute of Living Scale, and the Slosson Intelligence Test-Revised-R-3. Eastern Education Journal, 38 (1), 11-19. Hill, A. L., Degnan, K. A., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2006). Profiles of externalising behaviour problems for boys and girls across preschool: The roles of emotion regulation and inattention. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 913–928. McGee, T. R., Wickes, R., Corcoran, J., Bor, W., & Najman, J. (2011). Antisocial behaviour: An examination of individual, family, and neighbourhood factors. Trends & Issues In Crime And Criminal Justice, 410, 1-5. Oakley, T. (2004). Attention and cognition. Retrieved from: http://www.mind-consciousness-language.com/Attention%20and%20Cognition.pdf Palermo, M. T., Forno, G. D., Dominici, C., Vicomandi, D., Sambucioni, A., Proietti, L., & Pasqualetti, P. (2006). Externalising and oppositional behaviours and karate-do: The way of crime prevention. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50(6), 1-7. Shaprio, K. L., Arnell, K. M., & Raymond, J. E. (1997). The attentional blink. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1(8), 291-296. Bibliography Gordon, E. (2011). Broccoli or broken windows? The relationship between anti-social behaviour and a nutrient deficient die. Internet Journal of Criminology, 1-20. IJzendoorn, M. H. V. (1997). Attachment, emergent morality, and aggression: Toward a developmental socioemotional model of antisocial behaviour. International Journal Of Behavioural Development, 21 (4), 703–727. Ogden, T. & Halliday-Boykins, C. A. (2004). Multisystemic Treatment of antisocial adolescents in Norway: Replication of clinical outcomes outside of the US. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9(2), 77–83. Read More