On Social Psychology Research - Annotated Bibliography Example

Social Psychology Research Annotated Bibliography William Monk Individualism verses collectivism Brewer, P. & Venaik, S. . Individualism-Collectivism in Hofstede and GLOBE. Journal of International Business Studies, 42, 436–445. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jibs/journal/v42/n3/full/jibs201062a.html The author of this article used information gathered through psychological research to identify and deliberate on anomalies in individualism-collectivism dimension in the two-disambiguation models of GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) and Hofstede and national culture. The author observes that in Hofstede model individualism refers to a society where ties between persons are loose. In this sense, a person’s responsibility is to care for his immediate family. Whereas collectivism means a society, which brings her, people together by burying individualistic ambitions and forging towards societal goals. It is important to note that I-C means individualism vs collectivism. The author asserts that Hofstede used 14 items (survey table for I-C) in his original model, but he did not provide a theoretical argument for his model. In GLOBE model of I-C, studies show two dimensions in collectivism, in-group, and institutional. The finding of the study indicates that GLOBE and Hofstede dimensions rest on collectivism, which they both define to mean the same thing. However, this article suggests that Hofstede dimension of I-C should be work orientation verses self-orientation. Ghosh, A. Individualist and collectivist orientations across occupational groups. Psychology Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute: Calcutta. Retrieved on 17 Mar 2012 from http://ebooks.iaccp.org/ongoing_themes/chapters/ghosh/ghosh.php?file=ghosh&output=screen Data from Calcutta and its suburb on cultural was used to explore various community characteristics associated with individualism and collectivism. Specifically, data from nuclear family, urbanized environment, and middle class in this region provided the basis of comparison of collectivism and individualism models. Individualism culture advocates for personal interest over group interest. Collectivism culture recognizes group values of self-interest. The author used Individualism-Collectivism Scale of Gelfand and Triandis to conduct the study. The research participants were 240 people of various socio economic scales. The author did some computation to find out whether significant differences existed concerning I-C dimensions. The result of the finding indicated that people exhibited different collectivism and individualism dimensions of culture. Specifically, teachers in this research differed from entrepreneurs, in their individualist or collectivist attitude. In conclusion, Indian culture promote collectivism and individualism model within different aspect of occupational groups. Green, T. G. (2005). Variation of Individualism and Collectivism Within and between 20 Countries; A Typological Analysis. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, 36(3), 321-339 Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.ehu.es/pswparod/pdf/articulos/greenetal2005_jccp.pdf The author used data from 20 nation study where (N=2533) to investigate how individual perception of collectivism and individualism influence culture in the national context. The author performed a cluster analysis on the individual scores on areas such as self-reliance, collective dimension, and collectivist or individualistic dimension to yield a result on collectivism and individualism model. The survey conducted on western countries provided the basis for argument in the article. The author noted a prevalence of a given group in each country of study, and variability in each country. Findings showed prevalence of interdependent and self-reliant non-competitors to be among participants’ western countries, whereas interdependent and self-reliant competitors were common in other nations apart from western nations. The finding emphasize on the benefit of inter cultural research of given approach on the grounds which combines collectivist dimension and individualist dimension. Aggression Straus, A. M., & Field, J. C. Psychological Aggression by American Parents: National Data on Prevalence, Chronicity, and Severity. Journal of Marriage and Family 65 (November 2003): 795–808. Retrieved on 17 Mar 2012 from http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/CTS27.pdf The article uses a sample of 991 parents to give a description on prevalence of aggression in a national scale among American parents. The finding of the study shows that aggression reported by age two stands at 90% and 98% at age five of reported cases. Ages six to seven a rate reported stood at 90%. The findings further indicate that 10-20% for toddlers and teenage aggression at 50%. The author asserts that the research finding shows that American parents used aggression as a disciplinary measure to curb their children behavior. The author notes in this study the psychological aggression among innate partners must be a result of the parental response to children behavior during the early stages of development. The finding recommends that parents should use other learning methods other than a method, which inflict pain. Anderson, A. C. An update on the effects of playing violent video games. Journal of Adolescence 27 (2004) 113–122. Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved 17 Mar 2012 from http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs10/fa09/dis/02/extra/update_violence.pdf The author of the article used existing research on exposure to violent video displays to give an overview of the effects of the violent games on human psychology. In the course of research evaluation, the author realized that meta-analysis revealed that exposure to violent video displays influenced aggressive behavior, aggressive affect, aggressive cognition, decrease in helping attitude, cardiovascular arousal. Experimental research revealed that video displays had some effects on human behavior. Correctional research revealed that video displays had real world effect on aggression. Findings on methodological weaker and stronger studies revealed smaller and larger effects sizes respectively. This finding suggests that previous meta-analytic studies of violent video displays underestimated the magnitude of deleterious influence on behavior, affect, and cognition. Bartholow, D. B. and Anderson, A. C. (2002). Effects of Violent Video Games an Aggressive Behaviour: Potential Sex Differences. Journal of Experiment Social psychology, 38(3), 283-290. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103101915021 The author used data collected from 43 university undergraduate student (21 women and 22 men) whom the research team randomly assigned non-violent role and violent role to play in duration of 10 minutes. The research mixed evidence of effects of displaying violent video and claims about aggressive attitude. The study allowed for reaction time in consideration to provocation and response to it. The research observed the punishment administered by the provoked persons to determine aggression. The result of the research indicated that playing violent video led to violent aggression as opposed to playing non-violent video. Notable, the author asserts that different aggression in women is due to observable features in video displays. This finding recommends guidance to children when displaying violent video games. Attraction and relationships Mckenna, A. Y. green, S. A. & Gleason, J. E. (2002). Relationship Formation on the Internet: What’s the Big Attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 9-31. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.jrichardstevens.com/articles/McKenna-onlinerelation.pdf The author of this article used three studies, study 1, study 2, and study 3, selected randomly on internet newsgroup posters to compare attraction in internet relationship and face-face relationship. The author hypothesized that people can portray their inner in internet relationship than on a face-face meeting. Result of study 1 indicated that those who were able to express true self in on-line relationship were able to move on to a face-face relationship. The result of study 2 indicated that on line friendship were healthy for two years from the date of initiation. The study result of study 3 indicated that undergraduates show a lot of interest on each other through on line relationship as opposed to face-face contact. This findings indicate that attraction in every relationship depend on self-display. Hatfield, E., Bensman, L. & Rapson, L. R. (2012). A brief history of social scientists attempt to measure Passionate love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(2), 143-164. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://spr.sagepub.com/content/29/2/143.full.pdf+html For a long time, passionate love has proved to have a long history. According to this article, before 1940, it was impossible for scientists to measure emotion. However, after 1940s, tools were created by social scientists, which sought to measure these emotions. The article stipulates how through authors’ publications, poems, and troubadours, the sufferings of love and lust have been discussed. The endevours to address this issue led to the introduction of 33 scales to measure emotion. These scales include Attitudes towards love and the triangular model of love. Later the passionate love scale was introduced. According to the article, it is evident that passionate love is not a western social construction but rather emotions that are universal. Altruism Vitale, A. & Alleva, E. (2007). Ethics and Altruism: Altruism in Human and non-human animals. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 85, 237-239. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.isita-org.com/jass/Forum/2007%20Vol%2085/ForumAllevaVitale.pdf The author of the article used secondary research materials to evaluate various scenario of altruism displayed in both animals and human beings. The author used theories of evolution as proposed by Hamilton and Darwin to explain his argument of altruism. The author analyzed various aspect of altruism displayed by animals and compared similar characteristics observed in human behavior. An exposition to various research materials led to the following findings. Findings of the research conducted indicate that altruistic straits occurred among genetically related animals. Animals reciprocate altruist acts. Findings on human behavior indicated similar results from animals. In conclusion, human behavior and activities tend to show element of altruist traits. This paper recommends the usage of secondary research materials to evaluate various characteristics in social psychology. O’Gorman, R. et.al. Altruistic punishing and helping differ in sensitivity to relatedness, friendship, and future interactions. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26 (2005) 375–387. Retrieved 17 Mar 2012 from http://evolution.binghamton.edu/dswilson/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/DSW09.pdf The author presents two studies, which suggest that impulse to altruistically punish and altruistically help differ in response ability to information regarding probability of future interaction and genetic relatedness. Experiment 1 involved 470 undergraduates, and experiment 2, involved 460 undergraduates. The questionnaire used manipulated information about gender relatedness. Result of experiment 1 indicated that respondent responded with anger (desire to punish). Result of experiment 2 gave a similar result to the first experiment. Respondent responded with stronger need to punish the transgressors. Research findings indicate that altruist helping and punishment has no meaning. Conclusively, altruism occurs in context of helping and punishment. Kruger, D. J. (2001). Psychological aspects of adaptations for kin directed altruistic helping behaviors. Social Behavior and Personality, 29, 323-330. Retrieved http://www-personal.umich.edu/~kruger/Kruger-Kin%20directed%20altruism.pdf Data obtained from University students of Midwestern American University helped the author to explain altruist theory of discriminatory behavior. Specifically, 80 female and 40 females participated in the research. The research observed genetic association of the respondent when showing altruist characteristics. Research materials relied on common occurrences experienced in college. The result of the research indicated that participants felt the urge to show help or to give help to people who were in close relation to them. Participants of the research assisted various victims who required help. The finding indicated that genetic similarity influenced individual and collective altruist characteristics. The tendencies observed in the research did not incline on reproductive or survival success. Cognitive dissonance Lieberman, D. M. et. al. (200). Do Amnesics Exhibit Cognitive Dissonance Reduction? Psychological Science. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://psych.stanford.edu/~ochsner/pdf/Lieber_Ochs_Amn-att-chng.pdf The article used two experimental studies, experiment 1, and experiment 2 to investigate effect of attention resources and explicit memory in behavior induced change in attitude. The study hypothesized that the process of behavior-induced changes in attitude are automatic, and that they do not require explicit memory for processing discrepancy in behavior or attitude. Experiment 1 tested 12 amnesic patient and 12 adults using Brehim’s paradigm. Experiment 2 used 16 male and 16 female undergraduate students from University of Harvard. Similar procedures in experiment 1 applied. Result of the two experiment indicated that cognitive load impaired memory of counter attitudinal behavior. Result finding also indicated that no correlation existed between memory measure and attitude change. This finding indicates that attitudinal change occurred despite cognitive load. Ethics in social research Miller, C. Social Psychology and Virtue Ethics. The Journal of Ethics, 7 (2003): 365-392. Retrieve 17 Mar 2012 from http://www.wfu.edu/~millerc/Virtue%20Ethics%20Paper.pdf The author of the article explored reasoning in virtue ethics by comparing various experiments and reasoning used in empirical psychological in ethics provided by various psychologist. The author examined the work of various psychologists who have done various contributions to the field of psychology. Further, the author evaluated various reasoning and weaknesses in the works of these ethicists and presented the following result. Result of his work indicated that experimental facts differed with the general theories of philosophers. In addition, it is evident from the result that in every sociological research, ethics serve as self-regulatory guidelines in the process of decision making. Through these ethical codes, professionals get direction in case they face ethical dilemmas. This finding recommends that philosophers should take great caution when handling experimental result in relation to theories developed. Further, to minimize possible risks of subject harm, it is advisable for researchers to screen objects properly, inform subjects of their rights, give the necessary information, avoid deception, and provide a debrief in accordance to the study. The author of the article recommends investigation of experimental results provided by psychologists. Orb, A. Eisenhauer, L. and Wynden, D. (2000). Ethics in Quantitative Research. JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP. 33(1), 93-96. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.columbia.edu/~mvp19/RMC/M5/QualEthics.pdf In writing this article, the author understood that every research has ethical issues in it. In this article, the main objective of the authors was to examine in a critical manner ethical issues that are related to quantitative research. According to the research, despite the scrutiny by ethical review boards on proposals presented by nurses, it is the responsibility of the researcher to protect all the participants. It is through this research that the authors denoted the responsibility of health care in protection of human rights. Although according to the research it is impossible to ethical principles that guide research to ensure ethical research, the authors believe that it is possible to bring the belief that ethical responsibility in quantitative research is a continuous process. Grimes, M. J., Fleischman, R. K. & Jaeger, P. T. (2009). Virtual Guines Pigs: Ethical implications of Human Subjects research in Virtual World. International journal of internet research Ethics, 2(1), 1-19. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://ijire.net/issue_2.1/grimes.pdf This article denotes with concern the increasing focus given to virtual world in diverse disciplines. According to this article, it is possible that in ethical guidelines are not keenly followed; horrible atrocities are likely to occur. In the experiment, orphans were used. The research thus conducted a Milgram study that demonstrates issues related to obedience, cognitive dissonance, and authority. The article concludes by denoting that there is expected variance on the virtual worlds in terms of use, experience, and practice. It is therefore important to create a standalone ethical code of conduct that can be applied to every research on virtual world. References Anderson, A. C. An update on the effects of playing violent video games. Journal of Adolescence 27 (2004) 113–122. Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs10/fa09/dis/02/extra/update_violence.pdf Bartholow, D. B. and Anderson, A. C. (2002). Effects of Violent Video Games an Aggressive Behaviour: Potential Sex Differences. Journal of Experiment Social psychology, 38(3), 283-290. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103101915021 Brewer, P. & Venaik, S. (2011). Individualism-Collectivism in Hofstede and GLOBE. Journal of International Business Studies, 42, 436–445. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jibs/journal/v42/n3/full/jibs201062a.html Ghosh, A. Individualist and collectivist orientations across occupational groups. Psychology Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute: Calcutta. Retrieved on 17 Mar 2012 from http://ebooks.iaccp.org/ongoing_themes/chapters/ghosh/ghosh.php?file=ghosh&output=screen Green, T. G. (2005). Variation of Individualism and Collectivism Within and between 20 Countries; A Typological Analysis. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, 36(3), 321-339 Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.ehu.es/pswparod/pdf/articulos/greenetal2005_jccp.pdf Grimes, M. J., Fleischman, R. K. & Jaeger, P. T. (2009). Virtual Guines Pigs: Ethical implications of Human Subjects research in Virtual World. International journal of internet research Ethics, 2(1), 1-19. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://ijire.net/issue_2.1/grimes.pdf Hatfield, E., Bensman, L. & Rapson, L. R. (2012). A brief history of social scientists attempt to measure Passionate love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(2), 143-164. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://spr.sagepub.com/content/29/2/143.full.pdf+html Kruger, D. J. (2001). Psychological aspects of adaptations for kin directed altruistic helping behaviors. Social Behavior and Personality, 29, 323-330. Retrieved http://www-personal.umich.edu/~kruger/Kruger-Kin%20directed%20altruism.pdf Lieberman, D. M. et. al. (200). Do Amnesics Exhibit Cognitive Dissonance Reduction? Psychological Science. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://psych.stanford.edu/~ochsner/pdf/Lieber_Ochs_Amn-att-chng.pdf Mckenna, A. Y. green, S. A. & Gleason, J. E. (2002). Relationship Formation on the Internet: What’s the Big Attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 9-31. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.jrichardstevens.com/articles/McKenna-onlinerelation.pdf Miller, C. Social Psychology and Virtue Ethics. The Journal of Ethics, 7 (2003): 365-392. Retrieve 17 Mar 2012 from http://www.wfu.edu/~millerc/Virtue%20Ethics%20Paper.pdf O’Gorman, R. et.al. Altruistic punishing and helping differ in sensitivity to relatedness, friendship, and future interactions. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26 (2005) 375–387. Retrieved 17 Mar 2012 from http://evolution.binghamton.edu/dswilson/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/DSW09.pdf Orb, A. Eisenhauer, L. and Wynden, D. (2000). Ethics in Quantitative Research. JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP. 33(1), 93-96. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.columbia.edu/~mvp19/RMC/M5/QualEthics.pdf Straus, A. M., & Field, J. C. Psychological Aggression by American Parents: National Data on Prevalence, Chronicity, and Severity. Journal of Marriage and Family 65 (November 2003): 795–808. Retrieved on 17 Mar 2012 from http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/CTS27.pdf Vitale, A. & Alleva, E. (2007). Ethics and Altruism: Altruism in Human and non-human animals. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 85, 237-239. Retrieved March 17, 2012, from http://www.isita-org.com/jass/Forum/2007%20Vol%2085/ForumAllevaVitale.pdf Read More