Human Development and Growth - Essay Example

Human development and growth affiliation Human development and growth Human growth and development theorists In his argument, Freudpoints out human beings have that inborn sexual energy that develops in five distinct stages. Each of the stages that include genital, latent, phallic, anal and oral stages are associated with different years of child’s development. According to Freud, a child had to go through the process of development by successfully completing the stages of development. Otherwise, the child is likely to develop anxiety as he or she is undergoing that particular stage which persist in adulthood causing a functional mental disorder. To avoid anxiety, one remains fixated in the zone that he or she did not cover well which is characterized by specific behaviors. Oral stage, which is the first stage of development for the children, begins form birth to the first birthday. In this stage, children most of the time get involved in activities that engage their mouths. For instance, they can bet chewing rubber or pencils. For one fixated in this stage, may develop a manipulative an immature personality. From the age of 1-3 years, children go through the second stage, which involves bowel and bladder elimination. For children who went through this sage might develop into organized and excessively neat people. Otherwise, they may be reckless, careless. Disorganized defiant or corprophiliac. Phallic stage is the third stage of development as outline by Freud. In this stage, the child genitals is the primary erogenous zone. The stage runs form there years to about 6 years. It is at this time that most children learn the difference form male and female sexually and the gender difference between girls and boy. After that, children go through the fourths stage latency, which lasts, from 6 years to puberty. If fixation occurs at this particular stage, one is likely to suffer from sexual unfulfilment in adulthood. The last stage of development is the genital, which begins form puberty to the time that one dies. In this stage, one’s sexual interests mature in case of fixation, one is likely to suffer from frigidity, unsatisfactory relationships and impotence Kline, 2013). Similarly, Erickson came up with a theory on the development of children. He went further to subdivide the different developmental stages than as they are shown in sigmoid Freud’s theory. In his argument, the child first has to go through the trust and mistrust face that lasts between birth and the first birthday. For children in this stage they must have trust on others in meeting their basic needs. For instance if they fail to trust that one can take care of them, this children become scared and feel that the world is a dangerous stage to live in. From one year to 3 years, children learn to be autonomous so that they can carry out numerous activities on their own. Thereafter 3 to 6 years, a child the goes then experiences initiative versus guilt. In this stage children try a much as possible to cat mature and take responsibilities of nay failures in their projects. From the age of 6 years to 12 years, children go through industry versus inferiority. This is achieved after they compare themselves with peers in terms of academic skills and social activities. This goes on to affect their self-esteem, which in term is important in detraining their ability to perform a number of activities. Form the age of 12 to 20 years, there is identity and role confusion tis acts as the cross road between maturity and childhood. In this stage is when adolescents realize their roles in the future and keep maturing them through the process. From 20 to 40 years people go through intimacy versus isolation. In this stage, people tend to form strong friendship between in both sexes. They also need spouses and love form family members. At the age of 40 to 60 years, there is generality, where these people have responsibility of looking after their families and relatives. Old age sets in form the age of 66 when one depending on his or her past may look fulfilled and or unfulfilled depending on whether he or she did meet her goals during the years when that the person was active (Arnett, 2000).. Lastly, Watson in his theory argued that the type of reinforcement they received affected one’s behavior and developmental stages. On is likely to uphold an activity in which he or she received a positive reinforcement and do away with those that inflict pain. The theory demands that psychological concepts like learning and emotion together with personality have to be explained and be in line with observable behavior. Therefore, one learns better through personal experiences with various stimuli in the environment. This takes place in all stages of life where one learns a new activity through reinforcement and learns to behave in a particular manner (Clark, & Watson, 1995). Heredity and environment In addition to the natural way of development, a child is greatly affected by the environment apart from hereditary issues. One depending on the type of environment that one grows in, he or she is engaged with the activities of that area. At the same time, genetics play an important role in determining ones traits. Ability to relate with others is mostly build on the type of environment they came across as they interacted with. At5 the same time, the type of environment can be used to shape ones character over long period. One’s personality has been largely associated with one’s genetic make-up over time. People tend to carry on dominate types of behavior from their parents overtime (Loehlin & Nichols, 2014). Hence making genetics one of the paramount features to consider when determining a child’s developmental stages. At the same time, children develop some mental issues that come in after various mishaps in the child’s early stages of life hence Heredity is very key in determining a child’s behavior in their adulthood or any time in their child developmental stages as outlined by different people. This has even brought out the famous argument postulated as nurture-nature and its implications in child development. Essentially, the genes in possession of the child determines it growth and development (Varvatsoulias, 2014). References Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American psychologist, 55(5), 469. Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological assessment, 7(3), 309. Kline, P. (2013). Fact and Fantasy in Freudian Theory (RLE: Freud). Routledge. Loehlin, J. C., & Nichols, R. C. (2014). Heredity, environment, and personality: A study of 850 sets of twins. University of Texas Press. Varvatsoulias, G. (2014). Do nature and nurture influence human behaviour?. Philotheos, 14331- 336. Read More