The Various Causes of Psychological Disorders - Essay Example

and Introduction The paper attempts to phenomenologically eluci and delineate the various psychological therapy conducted on patients suffering from different psychological problems. Fundamentally, every person regardless of their state suffers from at least one psychological problems. Many psychologists have developed, agreed and criticize the various causes of the psychological disorders. One of the famous founding father of psychology is Sigmund Freud. Freud majored on the conscious and unconscious thoughts that happen in the brain and affect human behaviors. He speculates that most psychological disorders occur due to the conscious or unconscious thought that take place in the brain. Another psychology founding father is Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov majored on behavioral characteristic of man. He explained that behavior that man learns could be unlearned and vice versa. According to Pavlov, man develops psychological problems after unlearning the desirable behaviors. Many other psychological fathers have different viewpoints considering the causes of psychological problems. Apparently, many current psychologist and physiologist have laid the founding fathers knowledge as the foundation for treating patients suffering from psychological problems. The current psychologists can differentiate a psychological therapy for different psychological problems. There are diverse types of psychological therapy. The main therapies include psychoanalysis, psychodynamic behavioral, cognitive and biological. People suffering from psychological problems should employ the therapies for the treatment. Galbraith family members have psychological problems, although most of them, according to the scenario, are not aware. Apparently, content for the scenario does not depict psychological state of the Mr. Stephen Galbraith and Marisa. However, their children have displayed various psychological problems. Nonetheless, psychological therapy will help in treating their situation. The children comprise Susanna, Toby, and Alice. Moreover, Susanna is married to a husband named Alex. Alice Alice is the second born daughter and has eating the disorder as well as low self-esteem. The low self-esteem has made it hard for her to form relationships with other people including family members. Eating disorder is a psychological disorder that includes a person eating too much or too little with or without their knowledge. According to Ivan Pavlov the disorder occurs when a person learns the behavior from other people, they could be, friends or peers. The disorder is harmful as a person becomes uncomfortable if the food served has not served their psychological needs. There are two types of eating disorder. Unfortunately, Alice experiences both disorders. She experiences anorexia nervosa symptoms and a mild bulimia nervosa. A person with anorexia nervosa eats too much while the one with bulimia nervosa is the opposite. According to the scenario, Alice has developed the disorder due to low self-esteem. Moreover, the urge to maintain and sustain her establishments contribute to the development of the psychological disorders. The psychological therapies that suit treatment of the disorders include psychoanalysis and psychodynamic, cognitive and behavior therapy. Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic therapy Freud developed the above therapy (Layard, & Clark, 2014). He explains that the problems develop from the unconscious portion of our brain. Therefore, the affected person should use the conscious part to treat the problems (John,Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form 2013). In a general view, the therapy approach involves altering the undesired behavior, feelings or thoughts through realizing the unconscious meaning and motivation. In the quest of seeking a solution to her problem, Alice should form a close relationship with the therapist. There are three types of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy approach that therapist should employ. The approaches include taking the cure, transference, and free association. As explained by Sigmund Freud, the problem lies beneath the brain; therefore, Alice therapist should psychologically enter into Alice’s brain using the three approaches. The talking cure approach involves asking the patient to talk about the problems affecting them. Talking cure give an opportunity for the patients to reduce the within pressures that contribute to the development of the psychological disorder (Ghaffari, & Caparrotta, 2004). The main question or explanation expected by the therapist includes talking about ones feeling, thoughts, and relationship. Through the explanation, the psychologist will fathom the current situation of the patients. As for Alice, she has to seek a professional therapist who will conduct a professional therapy. After the therapy, Alice will be able to eat as expected since the therapist will have helped her from reducing pressures that develop from her parent, family and her business. The therapist will also guide her on the how to develop self-esteem through eliminating all factors that contribute to low self-esteem. After the therapy session, Alice will be able to form relationships with opposite sex and maybe she might get married. If talking cure does not solve Alice’s situation, the therapist can use transference as a solution for her psychological state. Transference is the process of projecting feelings to the therapist without the patient’s knowledge (Johnson, & Leahy, 2005). Nevertheless, therapist, in Alice situation, should use transference to solve self-esteem only. Through transference, the therapist will provide the best solution for Alice depending on the level of self-esteem. The final step approach is free association. Free association gives the patients an opportunity to talk anything that comes to their minds first (John,Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form 2013). However, the therapist must read a list of items or event surrounding the patient. In the case of Alice, the therapist should list her parapet, families, colleagues and features related to her business. The response the therapist receives from Alice will help in realizing the factors that have contributed to eating disorder and low self-esteem. In this case, the therapist will explain the factors that have contributed to the low self-esteem are lack of relationship or parent love, relationship between her and her siblings. Her success business is most probably the main cause of eating disorder as Alice spends most of her time working such that she forgets to eat or eats too much after getting an opportunity. The therapist solution for her situation is to motivate her in creating a close relationship with her parents and families in order to solve low self-esteem (Layard, & Clark, 2014). The therapist remedy for eating disorder is balancing between working hours and sleeping hours. Toby Toby aged 20 is an adopted son as is aware of his state in the family. Toby has a schizophrenic behavior and is angered quickly. Causes of the behaviors have either developed from his relationship with the family members, the way he views his adoption state and behavior learned during his childhood. In order to solve his problems, he must visit a professional therapist who is competent in areas concerning biological therapy, as it is the best therapy approach for solving Toby’s state. Biological Therapy Biological therapy involves employing biological strategies when dealing with the psychological problem. Therefore, the therapist must have knowledge of all part of the body parts especially the brain. Biological therapy involves providing medical models for treating patients. In a fundamental view, biological therapy is like taking patient with a broken arm to the hospital. Nevertheless, for the sake of Toby different biological therapy approaches can be applied. The approaches include dopamine hypothesis, a serotonin hypothesis, and psychosurgery (Evans, 2013). The dopamine proposition approach will help in treating schizophrenia (Evans, 2013). Dopamine is a chemical existing in the brain that has the purpose of transmitting neurons (Evans, 2013). The brain has millions of neurons that are responsible for passing message to the brain. Psychologist link schizophrenia with neurons since Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder where the patient as subject to disruption of normal thinking, Therefore, they might experience hallucination and delusions. Psychologists speculate that the main cause of schizophrenia is transmission of overloaded message to the brain by the neurons. Therefore, the patient has loads of information that they cannot convey once (Ghaffari, & Caparrotta, 2004). A therapist will realize the behavior in Toby. However, in most cases Toby will not be aware of his schizophrenic state, the therapist will biologically figure out ways of stopping the dopamine from transmitting excess neurons to the brain. The best way the therapist can help in stopping the transmission of neurons is by teaching Toby to live in an environment where everybody appreciates him. The therapist should form a close relationship for him to get continuous treatment. The therapist should also involve his guardian and family members as they play a crucial role in assisting Toby to move from his schizophrenic behavior. In addition, support from family members and therapist will help in reducing anger. Susanna and Alex Susanna is Marisa oldest daughter. She is wedded to Alex. Both couples are culprits of psychological problems. Susanna is distressed by agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is a psychological disorder where patients are afraid of standing in the public or a place having many people. According to Sigmund Freud, such behavior develops from childhood experience. Apparently, Susanna parents spent little time with her. For this reason, Susanna like Alice did not get parents love. According to Pavlov, parents play a crucial role considering a child’s future behavior. Susanna lack of parents loves resulted in agoraphobic behavior. Agoraphobic people are a nuisance to other people especially their patterns. For instance, they are insecure, invidious and cause appalling feelings to other people. Her embitter nature has caused Alex a lot such that he has to play the role of a wife and husband at the same time. In order to treat Susanna, it is imperative to take her to a psychological therapist. The psychological therapy can use approaches such as biological and behavioral remedy to treat her condition. While conducting the behavior therapy, the therapist should be aware of Ivan Pavlov operant conditioning treatments (Evans, 2013). The treatment involves controlling fears of the patients by exposing them to the stimulus that cause the fear. Pavlov explains that at first the person will depict feelings of fear during the first exposure. Nevertheless, the patients fear will reduce gradually as they will become used to the stimuli (Moorey et al., 1989). There are four types of behavior therapy. The approaches include systematic desensitization, flooding, aversion therapy and token economy therapy. The two best approaches that can be applied to Susanna are aversion therapy and token economy theory. Aversion therapy is exposing the patients to the stimuli causing fear. If the patient behaves in fear, the therapist inflicts mild pain to the patients (Johnson, & Leahy, 2005). Therefore, for the patients to avoid pain they have to develop courage. The mostly used ways of inflicting mild pain or disturbance to the patient is electric shock and chemical therapy. Electric shock therapy involves causing shock to the patients. Chemical therapy involves using drugs that cause an unpleasant smell (Brenner, 1993). Therapist can also use systematic desensitization when treating Susanna’s condition. Systematic desensitization involves sensitizing the patient to the inducement causing phobic behaviors. In the case of Susanna, the therapist should expose her to a group of people for some time. Applying the approach will help Susanna in doing away with agoraphobic. Alex Alex is husband to Susana. He has developed stress, insomnia, and is easily irritated. Apparently, the behavior has developed due to then invidious nature of his wife. He can, with the help of a therapist, apply psychologically; therapy in order to deal with his wretched character. The psychological therapy approaches that psychologist can use counseling and serotonin hypothesis. Counseling is a cognitive approach therapy. It involves direct communication between the client and the therapist. While developing counseling as a cognitive therapy approach, Albert Ellis, and Aaron Beck emphasized that people behave according to how they think. Therefore, thinking patterns influence behavior (Brenner, 1993). To control behavior therapist have to change the way the patients unconsciously think of themselves. The therapist dealing with Alex should apply the same strategy, as it will help him reduce inner pressures. Another method of dealing with stress is serotonin hypothesis. Serotonin is also a neurotransmitter. Psychologists refer to it as chemical responsible for balancing moods. Shortage of serotonin causes stress and depression. Due to the facts, Alex has a deficit of serotonin. In order to increase serotonin in his brain, the therapist should involve Alex in more relaxing situation as it will help him to temporary forget external pressures. The therapist should also involve Susanna during Alex treatment. Susanna, in this case, has a duty of causing peace while around Alex Conclusion It is evident that everyone has one or two psychological disorder. Some disorders are permanent while others are temporary. Nevertheless, psychological therapist uses therapy approaches for treating the psychological problems. Children in Galbraith family suffer from different psychological problems. The therapy approaches that therapist can use when dealing with the family problems, psychoanalysis, behavior, cognitive and biological. List of references John, K., Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form (2013). Psychological therapies for adults with intellectual disabilities. http://oclc-marc.ebrary.com/id/10653868. Brenner, H. D. (1993). Integrated psychological therapy for schizophrenic patients. Seattle, Hogrefe & Huber. Evans, I. M. (2013). How and why people change: foundations of psychological therapy. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Ghaffari, K., & Caparrotta, L. (2004). The function of assessment within psychological therapies: a psychodynamic view. London, Karnac. Johnson, S. L., & Leahy, R. L. (2005). Psychological treatment of bipolar disorder. New York, Guilford. Layard, R., & Clark, D. M. (2014). Thrive: the power of evidence-based psychological therapies. Loewenthal, D. (2011). Post-existentialism and the psychological therapies: towards a therapy without foundations. London, Karnac Books. Moorey, S., & Greer, S. (1989). Psychological therapy for patients with cancer: a new approach. Washington, D.C., American Psychiatric Press. Van Hasselt, V. B., & Hersen, M. (1996). Sourcebook of psychological treatment manuals for adult disorders. New York, Plenum Press. Bottom of Form Read More