Type A and B personality theory - Coursework Example

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TYPE A AND TYPE B PERSONALITIES Table of Contents 0 3 2.0 Difference between type a and typeb personalities 4 Introduction 4 4.0 Method 7 5.0 Results 9 6.0 Statistics 9 7.0 Treatment of Results 10 8.0 Discussion 11 9.0 Conclusion 12 References 12 Appendix 13 1.0 Abstract This paper determines the differences of Type A, B personalities based on a number of factors that affect their pulse rates and general behavior changes. The paper has been organized into different categories to come up with a complete report of the differences that entail the two personalities. The categories include an introduction that discusses the theory behind the personalities. Both alternative and null hypotheses have been considered to assist in determining the differences. The aim of the experiment, results and statistics of data collected between type A and type B individuals has been analyzed based on their pulse rate when undertaking mild activities. Finally, the discussion of the data collected, conclusion and appendix has been entailed in the paper to bring a detailed report of the differences that exist between type A and type B personalities. 2.0 Difference between type a and type b personalities Introduction Doctors Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosen man developed Type A and B personality theory in 1950s. The Doctors claims that Type A personality are more likely to get heart disease since they live a high stressful lifestyle than Type B personalities. The theory never became widely used in cardiology but instead a huge distinction between type A and B became popular in non-academic terms. The test was developed by website descriptions of types suggested by Friedman (1966). The test comprises of ten pairs of sentences and in each pair one chooses the closest that describes type A, B personalities. In the investigation of the differences that exist between type A, B personalities; this paper uses Friedman questionnaires and dot-to-dot puzzle in experimental analysis to explain the differences that exist between the two types of personalities. Moreover, in the appendix of this paper, Friedman questionnaire has been developed and scoring the sheet to show type A and B behavior. Additionally, Cognitive disorders in both personalities entail a large developing public health concern. Some of cognitive behaviors include dementia, delirium and amnestic disorders, which increases pulse rates of individuals (James, 2013). All these disorders affect both type A, B personalities in broad and diverse ways. Moreover, delirium is a disturbance of consciousness that change cognition, which develops rapidly after a short period in the two personalities and hence affecting their pulse, rates to different levels in both personalities. According to James (2013) Psychomotor actively fluctuate between agitated baseless movements and vegetative conditions that resemble catatonic stupor in both type A, B personalities. The symptoms of delirium often begin abruptly, reversible and brief between personalities A and B types. However, types A personalities seem to be the most affected by the changes developed by delirium and therefore seem to have a high pulse rate than type B personalities. It may be caused by general medical conditions, substance intoxication, and ingestion of medication or exposure to toxic substance that increases the pulse rate of both types A, B personalities in different ways. In both personalities, dementia acquires and persist intellectual impairments with compromised utility in multiple spheres of mental activity that automatically increases the pulse rate of individuals especially type A personalities (John, Andrew & Donna, 2007). Some of the compromised utilities are language, memory, visuals partial skills, cognition and personalities in both type A and B. Besides, dementia is one of the diseases that affect majority of type A and type B personalities often. It may be caused by cardiovascular disease, genetics, infections and neurophysiologic disorders. Additionally, amnestic disorders characterize inabilities to learn and the attention of recalling information in both types A, B personalities. The most widely recognized character that has been linked to stress- related health disorders especially coronary heart disease includes types A, B behavior patterns. This therefore means that the pulse rate of both personalities increases since the difference in changes of coronary heart disease increases their pulse rate to different levels. Moreover, from research, type A personalities seem to have a high pulse rate than type B individuals since type A personalities have a high affluence of being affected by coronary heart diseases than type B personalities. The increase in their pulse rate is affected by their inability to control the effects that coronary diseases causes in their bodies and therefore increasing their pulse rate. Donna (2007) argues that the differences between types A, B personalities entail the ability of both personalities to act immune to the changes caused by their bodies. Type B personalities seem to be more strong and able to resist to changes caused by the environment and hence are able to have a steady pulse rate than type A personalities (John, Andrew & Donna, 2007). Besides, type A personalities are ambitious, hard driving, easily annoyed and impatient than type B personalities who tend to be the complete opposite of type A personalities. The differences in their attitudes has mentioned above has a great influence in their breathing rate since they have different ways of handling themselves. The breathing rates of type A personalities seem to go high since they have hard driving force and therefore increase their breathing rate and pulse rate goes high. Moreover, type A ability of getting annoyed easily automatically increases their pulse rate since more adrenaline is produced within their bodies and therefore automatically doubles their breathing rate and pulse rate. Type A personalities seem to be more reactive in terms of changes in the environment and this ability increases their chance of super active nature which grossly affects their breathing rate to high standards and therefore pulse rate increases automatically (Houston, & Snyder, 2008). From theories and research done in many aspects of personalities, type A seem to be immersed in a sea of self-imposed stress and they are therefore too busy to notice the things around them since they are occupied with the passion of success. This ability makes type A personalities more active in their surrounding than type B personalities and hence they have high breathing rate than type B personalities. The high breathing rate automatically influence their pulse rate which become high since the activities that they engage in controls their breathing rate which goes high because of their ability to be active all through a certain period (Houston, & Snyder, 2008). 3.0 Hypotheses: there are two hypotheses that exist in determining the differences between type A, B personalities. The two hypotheses are alternative hypotheses (H1) and null hypotheses (H0). Alternative hypotheses gives positive results of the differences between types A, B personalities while null hypotheses gives negative results of the differences that exists between type A and type B personalities. Alternative hypotheses: There is a significant difference between Types A, B personalities pulse rates when undertaking activities rigid activities Null hypotheses: There will be no significant difference between the pulse rates of Type A and type B personalities when undertaking a mildly stressful activity Aim: To determine the differences of type A and type B personalities pulse rates when undertaking activities that are mildly stressful To explain the differences that exists between type A and B personalities, through experimental analysis of pulse rate statistics, Friedman’s questionnaire and dot-to-dot experimental procedures. 4.0 Method The design of the method is experimental and observations. The sort of design that is used in this paper is repeated measures through experiments and observations of both type A and type B personalities (Nagy, 2002). The participants of the experiments are men and women aged between twenty to twenty five years of age. The number of the participants is approximately ten that help in determining the hypotheses of the paper. The ethics include participating in the experimental analysis all through the specified period without any disturbances until the experiment is all over done. Apparatus used in the experiment include fried and Roseman personality questionnaire as a diagnostic tool. Secondly, dot-to-dot pictures, stopwatch to record pulse rate and finally, data recording sheet for the results. The procedure of the experiment includes (1) briefing the participants through small notes written on a paper on what they are supposed to do; it is fundamental to avoid any confounding variables. Moreover, it prevents from telling the participants on the type of personality one is looking for during the experiment. The main aim of briefing the participants is to explain to them the importance of dot-to-dot speed test. Besides, the questionnaire helps in finding out whether certain type of person is quicker than another. (2) Attending to any ethical issues as part the brief to participants, for instance posing a question such as Does anyone have heart problem before the beginning of the experiment (3) administering the test and score sheet (4) if participants fit Type A or Type B behavior, they are taken to stage two or procedure two of the study by aiming the same number of Type As and Type Bs participants Procedure two involves (1) taking separate pulse rates as participants seek missing number (the missing dot) (2) taking pulse rate after the participants have finished and doing the Dot-to-Dot experiment (3) debriefing the participants and explaining exactly what the experiment investigated and allowing participants to ask questions and giving them permission to access the results when the experiment is complete. 5.0 Results The results of the experiment can be recorded as shown in the raw data table below Type A personality Type B personality Participant number Personality score PR1 PR2 PR3 Participant number Personality score PR1 PR2 PR3 01 5 low low Low 04 5 low Low Low 02 10 low Medium Slightly high 05 7 low Low Low 03 15 low high Slightly high 06 9 low High Low Where: (1) PR1 is the pulse rate before the task (2) PR2 is the pulse rate during the task (3) PR3 is the pulse rate after the task 6.0 Statistics The statistics of the experiment are recorded as shown in the table below Type A personality Type B personality Total 30 21 N 5, 10, 15 5, 7, 9 Mean 10 7 Median 10 7 Mode None None Range 10 4 SD 4.082 1.633 NOTE: The statistical results analyses PR2 scores Moreover, the results can be represented in a graph as shown in the graph below Y-axis represents N and x-axis represents beats per 5 seconds (categories) period 7.0 Treatment of Results The kind of statistics that was used in this experiment is parametric test. This is because of comparison of the two groups of people type A and B personalities. Moreover, independent subjects design was used in comparing one measure pulse rate (DV). The pulse rate was measured in 5-second period (interval data). From the actual results, the alternative hypothesis is correct from the two-tailed test. The method was used since it gives accurate results of the differences that exist between type A and B personalities based on the rate of their pulse. 8.0 Discussion The results of the experiment reflect the theory above. Type A personalities are more affected by diseases since the rate of their pulse increases rapidly through stress lifestyle that they live. The statistics type A personalities seem to be more affected by the changes in pulse rate than type B personalities. The changes are caused by the aspects discussed in the theories above of the introductory part of the paper. The ability of type A personalities to be active in their environment and self-imposing stress in them automatically increases their pulse rate to different levels, which affect their environment either positively or negatively (Baldwin, 2000). High personality statistics of type A is caused by their inability to relax and instead occupy themselves with many activities that even make them unable to concentrate in other activities within their environment and these increases their pulse rate to different levels. Moreover, delirium and cognitive disorders seem to affect type A personalities than type B personalities, which contribute to their high pulse rates as compared to type B personalities. Nagy (2002) argues these changes in their pulse rates seem to be the most significant differences between the two personalities since it affects their ability to concentrate within the environment. Type A personalities seem to be super active in their environment and therefore this has high effect to the pulse rate. During the experiment, what worked well was a conducive environment; an environment with constant temperatures. Ensuring that that the environmental temperatures are constant is vital during the experiment because it produces accurate results of pulse rates. Pulse rates often change with high temperatures and low ones, as well. Therefore, it is important to ensure that these temperatures do not vary during the experiment. These findings can also be generalized to the entire population. 9.0 Conclusion There is a high difference between the pulse rates of types A, B personalities when undertaking slightly vigorous activities. Type A personalities seem to have a high pulse rate than type B personalities since they tend to be more dynamic than type B personalities. It is important to note that the differences are caused by changes in delirium and cognitive disorders that majorly affect type A personalities than type B personalities. Moreover, amnestic disorders influence the pulse rate of type A personalities more than type B personalities. Type A personalities have self-imposed stress that adversely affect their pulse rates to higher levels than type B personalities. Personalities of individuals are determined by so many factors within our environment. The differences in the ways human beings operate their daily activities affect their personalities and these has an effect to the pulse rate of individuals. The more an individual engages in active activities, the more pulse rate goes high and these affects the normal behaviors of individuals. It is vital to regulate the pulse rate since it contributes to diseases that may be detrimental to the general health of a person if appropriate precautions are not taken on time. References Baldwin, D. A. (2000). The Effects Of Progressive Relaxation, As A Stress Management Technique On Stress-Related Symptoms In African American Assessed To Be Type A And Type B Personality. Thesis (M.A.)--Howard University, 2000. James Nairne(2013): Psychology: 6, revised; Cengage Learning,672 pages John M. Oldham, Andrew E. Skodol& Donna S. Bender(2007): The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Personality Disorders; illustrated, American Psychiatric Pub, 732 pages Houston, B. K., & Snyder, C. R. (2008). Type A Behavior Pattern: Research, Theory, And Intervention. New York, Wiley. Nagy, S. (2002). The Relationship Of Type A And Type B Personalities, Workaholism, Perceptions Of The School Climate, And Years Of Teaching Experience To Burnout Of Elementary And Junior High School Teachers In A Northwestern Oregon School District. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University Of Oregon, 2002. Appendix Appendix A: the data collected from the participants were recorded on a sheet of paper using s stop watch The main ideas on the experimental data were collected trough practical experiences and the statistics given may vary depending on the personality number of an individual Appendix B: the graphs and the table are drawn from different perspectives of the data collected which include participatory inclusions of type A and type B participatory individuals Appendix C: Friedman example of a questionnaire in comparing the difference between types A, B personalities The questionnaire A. Never late 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Casual about appointments, easy going B. Very competitive 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Not competitive C. Good listener -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Anticipates what others are going to say (nods, interrupts) D. Always rushed 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Never feels rushed( even under pressure E. can wait patiently -5 -4 1-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Impatient when waiting F. goes all out 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Casual G. takes things one at a time -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Tries to do many things at once H. emphatic in speech(may pound the desk) 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Slow, deliberate talker The scoring system for type A, B behavior C, E, G is scored 5 from left to -5 on the right A, B, D, F, H is scored from -5 from right to 5 on left Therefore E. can wait patiently -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 impatient when waiting If you are moderately patient person and rarely worry about waiting, you score -2 but if you are a waiting person you gain 5 The final score is the sum of all scores. Some people get overall positive score and others overall negative score. Moreover, the higher the positive score, the greater the likelihood of being a type A person. Bigger the negative score more likely the person is type B personality. For example if the total scores obtained for the participants were 16, -23,13, -4,17,-7,3 we allocate the participants as follows 16(A), -23(B),13(A),-4(B),17(A),-7(B),3(A) The tricky value to deal with is zero. In this case just count up how many minus and how many positive answers are there and allocate A or B based on this. Read More