Theory of Reasoned Action - Assignment Example

Introduction: The selected model is the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). This model is developed by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) and this model finds its origin in the field of social psychology. The problem which is being discussed here is that why people do not attend their appointment in hospitals. And what steps should be taken in order to reduce the number of people who miss hospital appointments. I have chosen this model because the model of reasoned action is closely related to this issue. According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, “a person’s behavior is determined by its behavioral intention to perform it” (Sable, Schwartz, Kelly, Lisbon and Hall (2006). This intention is determined by the attitudes and subjective norms of the person towards the behavior. The term subjective norm is defined as the social pressure to engage or not to engage in a behavior. This research proposal is being prepared for the “Acibadem International Hospital Turkey” (Vallerand, Pelletier, Deshaies, Cuerrier & Mongeau, 1992). The health issue which is being discussed in this proposal is an important issue as many of the hospitals are facing this type of problem. Nowadays, many of the indoor and outdoor people do not attend their appointments. Consequently, the hospitals have to bear substantial losses in the shape of hospital maintenance, salaries of staff and doctors, etc. Aim: The aim of this research proposal is to analyze the change to reduce the number of people that are not visiting their due appointments in the hospital. Objectives: O 1. To study that how many people are coming daily at the hospitals O 2. To study that why people are not coming to hospitals at their due appointments O 3. To study the changes that can be done to reduce the number of patients in the hospitals O 4. To apply different methods to reduce the number of people those are not visiting their appointments. Literature Review: According to Sheppard, Harthwick and Warshaw (1988) conducted two meta-analyses to investigate the effectiveness of the Fishbein and Ajzen model, the model of reasoned action and they found that numerous instances were identified in which researchers overstepped the boundary conditions initially proposed for the model. Three variables were proposed and found to moderate the effectiveness of the model. According to Vallerand, Pelletier, Deshaies, Cuerrier and Mongeau (1992), a confirmatory test of Ajzen and Fishbein’s (1980) theory of reasoned behavior were applied to the realm of moral behavior using structural modeling. And they found that this model retained the basic relationships postulated by the theory and added associations between the attitudinal, normative structures and casual path from normative beliefs to attitudes. Redding, Rossi, Rossi, Velicer and Prochaska (2000) reviewed the different models of health behavior. According to Sable, Schwartz, Kelly, Lisbon and Hall (2006), although research has examined provider’s knowledge, attitudes and prescribing behaviors with regard to emergency contraception, none has used a theory- based approach to understand the interplay of these factors. According to Mitchell and Selms (2007) reviewed the reasons that why don’t the patients attend their appointments and provided many of the ideas about the reducing the non-attendance of patients in hospital. According to them, people miss about 20% of scheduled appointments for mental health treatment an up to 50% of patients who miss appointments drop out of scheduled care. They also made many predictions of non attendance and also give many simple measures to reduce non-attendance. Research Methodology: The plan which I will suggest to reduce the number of people not attending the appointments of the hospital is to conduct a survey about people that why people do not attend their due appointment and what are their respective reasons about the questions that are asked in the survey. The participants that would be involved in this proposed study are the age group of 30-60. I have chosen this group because mostly people with this age group have many responsibilities and they can’t visit the hospitals for the appointments. The design and apparatus of this research proposal is the model of Fishbein’s and Ajzen “The Theory of Reasoned Behavior” (Vallerand, Pelletier, Deshaies, Cuerrier & Mongeau, 1992). Procedure: The procedure for this research proposal is stated below: 1. To conduct a survey of age group 30-60 2. About 30-50 people will be selected for the survey. 3. The survey will be in conducted in the hospital. 4. The main point of survey is that why people are not attending their due appointments in the hospitals? 5. The survey will be completed in about 5 days. 6. After the survey had been completed the results will be compiled together. 7. After the survey has been compiled, then the answers given will be matched. 8. After that the main reasons will be noted down. 9. Then a method will be made to reduce the number of people who miss their due appointments. Survey Questionnaire: SURVEY FOR FINDING THE REASON FOR MISSING APPOINTMENTS IN THE HOSPITAL 1. Name: ________________________ 2. Age Group: ________________ 3. Sex: _______________ 4. How much do you visit hospital? _________________________ 5. How many times you have visited hospital last month? _____________________ 6. For what reason you have visited hospital? ______________________________ 7. Have you ever missed the hospital appointment? Yes or no ______________________ 8. If yes, how many times? _____________ 9. For what reasons you have missed the hospital appointment? a. _______________________ b. ______________________ c. _______________________ END ---------------------------  Sample Size The sample design for reducing the number of people who does not attend their due appointments will be based on sampling where the sampling design is denoted by n. The equation is: Here, From the above figure, it is found that: Ծ=standard deviation=6.95, E=margin of Error=1 =95% confidence=0.05 =area of shaded tails=0.025 and z area=0.475 Now, incorporating the values in the above equation we will get the sampling design. Therefore, the sample size is 186 people. The proposed research is based on the qualitative as well as quantitative research which considers the why, how, when, where and who of the decision making process and requires focused but limited sample size (Fishbein, 1975). Thus, the values taken for the sample is a medium one. Discussion: This discussion is about the review of the study of reducing the number of people in attending their due hospital appointments for its strengths and weakness. It is noticed that the people who does not attend their appointments have to come to the hospital for their follow-ups and they have a common reason that these people are so busy in their responsibilities that they do not have time for them to visit for the follow-ups of the hospital. And according to my opinion that there should an option for the people to get a flexible time for them to visit the hospital. And before the appointment the hospital staff should confirm the client by telephone that if the patient is available for the appointment or not. The strengths of this study are that after applying these points, there would be reduce in the number of people missing their appointments. Diagram: REFERENCES Fishbein, A., (1975). Theory of Reasoned Action. Retrieved from http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Theory_of_reasoned_action Mitchell, A.J., & Selms, T., (2007). Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, pp. 423-434. Retrieved from http://apt.rcpsych.org/content/13/6/423.full Redding, C.A., Rossi, J.S., Rossi, S.A., Velicer, W.F., & Prochaska, J.O., (2000). Health Behavior Models. The International Electronic Journal of Health Education, 3: pp. 180-193. Retrieved from http://www.ithaca.edu/HPHMComputer/HealthBehaviorModels.pdf Sable, M.R., Schwartz, L.R., Kelly, P.J., Lisbon, E., & Hall, M.A., (2006). Using the Theory of Reasoned Action to Explain Intention to Prescribe Emergency Contraception. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 38(1). Retrieved from http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3802006.pdf Sheppard, B.H., Harthwick, J., & Warshaw, P.R., (1988). The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-Analysis of Past Research with Recommendations for Modifications and Future Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 15. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2489467?uid=3738832&uid=2&uid=4&sid=55986893903 Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G., Deshaies, P., Cuerrier, J-P., & Mongeau, C., (1992). Ajzen and Fisbein’s Theory of Reasoned Action as Applied to Moral Behavior: A Confirmatory Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(1): pp. 98-109. Retrieved from http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r26710/LRCS/papers/56.pdf Read More