Parkinsons Disease - Research Paper Example

? Diagnostic Research Paper Overview of Medical Knowledge of Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is determined to be a degenerative disorder which primarily affects the central nervous system. The motor based systems that emerge in case of this disease generate due to death of certain critical cells. A lot of remedial interventions such as surgical interventions, drugs and corporal treatments are there for treating Parkinson’s disease. However, Parkinson’s disease is intricate and chronic neurodegenerative syndrome that is incurable even today. There are diverse treatments which have been offered to develop the value of life and mental and material morbidity. This disease affects all the phenomenon of life and is thereby the most destructive disease after Alzheimer’s disease. In a recent survey conducted in Europe, it was found that about 1.2 million people are affected by the disease. The men are more affected by this disease than the female. People of all ethnicities may be affected by this disease. Parkinson’s disease is one of the numerous neurodegenerative disorders that may go beyond cancer by the end of 2040 as one of the well known groups of medical circumstances (Lang & Lees, 2002). Parkinson’s disease arises mainly due to the disorder in the nerve cell which may fabricate the neurotransmitter dopamine in the area of pars compacta of the substantia nigra region of the brain. As a consequence of this, dopamine messages in the brain cannot spread easily to the muscles and therefore it may result in troubles in terms of controlling the actions. A parallel demolition may take place logically with ageing, but in the case of Parkinson’s disease the method is accelerated (EPDA, 2011). Overview of Topic Description of the condition Parkinson’s disease is primarily characterized by problems related with body actions such as motor symptoms. These signs may include shiver, postural unsteadiness, bradykinesia and severity. It may also be characterized by symptoms not related with body movements such as loss of taste, disturbance during sleep, swallowing, constipation, complication of gastrointestinal, exhaustion, sexual dysfunction, despair, hallucinations, impulse control disorder and dementia. The non-symptoms symbols may require the need for extra care besides that being rendered by the neurologists and the geriatricians. At times, it may be induced by dopaminergic treatments or they may be even linked with non-dopaminergic and dopaminergic pathologies. Motor and non-motor symptoms can also result in the patients being admitted to the hospitals as a consequence of which there may be a rise in the healthcare utilization and a vital escalation of the economic burden. The motor symptoms have widely been recognized as the primary symptom of the disease however the non-motor symptoms have been widely accepted as the universal and key component. Despite this fact, the non-motor symptons have been widely recognized as the most significant cause that has an impact on the people affected by the disease and is thereby the most important cause of hospitalization (EPDA, 2011). Course of the condition There are five stages or courses of actions of the disease. In stage one, the signs are minor and inconvenient and are on a particular side only. The signs primarily represent a tremor of one limb. Changes in postures, final postures and locomotions may be noticed. In stage two, there are bilateral symptoms and slight disability thereby affecting the gait and postures. In stage three, there is a significant slowing down of the body movements and dysfunction is generated that is at times very severe. Stage four is characterized by symptoms such as the individual can walk but to a limited distance only along with the occurrence of bradykinesia and rigidity. In this stage, the tremor may be comparatively lesser as compared to the previous stages. Stage five is the cachectic stage in which individuals cannot stand or even walk and may constantly require nursing care (Gillingham & Donaldson, 1969). Current treatment Both direct cost of Parkinson’s disease like medications and consultations as well as the indirect cost of the disease such as institutionalization and the decrease in the working hours are important aspects that are needed to be considered similar to the motor and non-motor aspects of Parkinson’s disease. Hospitalization and the rates of healthcare utilization are predominantly very high. Medication is a very significant challenge that is recognized as the basis of Parkinson’s disease. The right treatment for this disease is however not applicable in most of the parts of the world including Europe. Medication is not on its own sufficient to enhance and improve the quality of life of a person who is affected by the disease. It is required to have access to the other therapies as well. Prominent among them include professional, physio, language and rapidity as well. Holistic treatment can be enjoyed only when all the elements are combined. It is also necessary to ensure that the diverse sets of treatments are available to the required individuals (EPDA, 2011). Incidence/ Prevalence Inspite of the fact that increasingly a large number of people are affected by the Parkinson’s disease and it is posing a consensus threat to the European people at large, there has not been any accord on the management of Parkinson or even a proper explanation of what constitutes Parkinson’s care of good quality. The European Parkinson’s Disease Standards with specialized information spreads the substantiation of the fiscal and the economic charge of the Parkinson’s experts. The experts may comprise geriatricians, neurologists and also the members of the diverse multidisciplinary groups along with the people suffering due to Parkinson’s. They for the first time raised a united voice specifying the model for the European policymakers to follow that would ensure the most favorable operation of Parkinson’s disease (EPDA, 2011). Demographics In Europe, there are about 1.2 million individuals who are affected by the Parkinson’s disease. Despite fact that in excess of one in 10 people are affected by the disease before the age of 50, the average of the age of the onset is about 60 years. In the United States, the greatest epidemiological study related to Parkinson’s disease revealed that the disease was more widespread in the Midwest and the Northeast and was twice as large to affect whites and Hispanics as the Asians and the black. A study conducted by Wills examined more than 4, 50,000 cases of Parkinson’s disease per year over six years in the period of 1995 and 2000-2005. Information was collected from with the aid of gathering pertinent data from more than 98 percent of the Americans who were 65 years and older. It was discovered by Wills that the Asians and the blacks suffered due to the Parkinson’s disease at a rate which is half of the rates than that of Hispanics and the Whites (Wright, 2010). Literature Review related to Parkinson’s Disease Zgalijardic, Borod, Foldi, & Mattis, (2003) in the paper entitled, “A review of the cognitive and behavioral seguelae of Parkinson’s Disease: Relationship to Frontostriatal Circuitry” portrayed that Parkinson’s disease is presented with subcortical pathology and is often characterized by motor deficits. It is relatively neurodegenerative hypokinetic progress disarray. However, as determined by the research it was found that the patients who were affected by the disease can also exhibit behavioral and cognitive impairments. The recent literature survey provided a critique and an in-depth analysis of the neuropsychological profile of the disease containing cognitive impairments, behavioral alterations as well as the emotional handing out of deficits. The survey was mainly conducted with the aim to find out how frontostriatal circuitry can assist to offer the substrate for the neuropsychological impairments contained in the case of Parkinson’s disease. As a consequence of this feature, the study may engross a novel viewpoint in conceptualizing and categorizing the behavioral and the cognitive sequelae associated to the definite dysfunction in the respect of Parkinson’s disease. The recent investigation portrayed to facilitate the neuropsychological outline of Parkinson’s disease which mainly reflected that the managerial disarray may be accredited to the disturbance of the frontostriatal circuitry. The information generated from the evaluation highlighted that it can serve as an instruction in the estimation of the managerial dysfunction in the case of Parkinson’s disease with respect to the implication for a clinical neuropsychological succession (Zgalijardic, Borod, Foldi & Mattis, 2003). Functional Limitations and Rehabilitation Strategies Functional Limitations A dysregulated mental homeostatics is linked with both Alzheimer’s as well as Parkinson’s disease. A degenerative disorder in the brain especially amid the people who are aged institutes a major growing liability and affects the family, individuals and also the society as a whole. With respect to the physical ability, Parkinson’s disease severely affects a person and restraints him from the activities of daily life (ADLs) and also detains him from the ability of working. Gait disturbances are one of the fundamental signs of Parkinson’s disease and thereby contribute massively to loss of a patient’s function and also independence as well. Physical therapy in association with the standards of drug regime is prescribed as it helps to manage the disease. However, it has been found that in spite of the comparatively strong extensive history, the proof behind the effectiveness of conservative material treatment which is used for the healing of Gait is not strong enough. To develop Gait in Parkinson’s disease, sensory receptor is considered as a powerful mean (Oddvar, Hans, Nur, Gunnar, & Tim, 2013). Neuropsychological tests were considered to reveal abnormalities in the patients with forward lobe damage and were consistently used to explore the functions of cognitivity in 30 gently disabled along with the right handed patients who had idiopathic disease of Parkinson’s. Out of which, none of the patients had got treatment and everyone had a normal CT brain scan. However, the patients affected by the disease had a much greater difficulty in changing the conceptual sets. The restrained cognitive constraints had underlined the mental rigidity and stiffness of Parkinson’s disease and could be accredited to the demolition of the rising dopaminergic meso-corticolimbic trail. With regard to the despair in the Parkinson’s disease and combination of the information into a neurobiological model which associated to the biochemical and structural changes in the disarray to behavioral manifestations, it was found that dejection was initiated in about 40% of the patients exaggerated by Parkinson’s disease. About half of the depressed patients affected by the malady met the criteria for key depressive episodes and half were affected by dysthymia (Tamar, Nor, & Jeffrey, 2002). Rehabilitation Strategies The conditions of dystonia, tremor and gait conflict are a few of the imperative circumstances that are the drivers of disability and are also significant impediments to treatments in a number of the more widespread movement disorders which may consist of essential tremble, dystonia and the Parkinson’s disease. Use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in the rehabilitation strategies has widely expanded in the current times in order to enable the consistency of approach and also to ensure the communication among the members of the team. The rehabilitation programmes mainly aim at maximizing the patient’s mobility. However, prior to the year 2002, high qualitative therapy programmes had not been developed to accomplish the want. Additional rehabilitation care is significant for non-optimal availability and also for the medication effect and neurosurgery. Nevertheless, the awareness of the motor power mechanisms that are in connection with the actions disorder (comprising tremor, hypokinesia rigidity and alkinesia) is often used as a hypothetical foundation for the movement rehabilitation strategies in the case of Parkinson’s disease (EPDA, 2011). Public Laws and Policies The European Parkinson's Disease Association’s (EPDA’s) license for the people was recognized in April, 1997 with the central plan to augment the outline of the Parkinson’s disease and also to improve the consciousness of the people for the disease. The charter led to the formation and also the commencement of the Global Declaration of the disease of Parkinson’s by the members of the World Health Organization (WHO) Working Group on Parkinson’s disease in the year 2003.The people who are affected by the disease has a right firstly to be referred to a doctor who has special interest in the Parkinson’s disease, secondly they has the right to receive a correct diagnosis, thirdly they possess a right to have access to the support services, fourthly they possess had a right to receive continuous care and lastly they obtain the right to take part in managing the illness (EPDA, 2011). Technology Used in Treating Parkinson’s Disease The probable targets of the neuroprotective remedial therapies are the mechanisms which might result in the loss of the dopamine neurons which are lying in the brain. A few of such mechanisms may comprise inflammation, oxidative pressure, the accretion of dopamine neurons, mitochondrial dysfunction and apotosis which is a configuration of the death cell. Conversely, up to now, there has not been any medication that can slow down the infection series and for this the scientists are devoting substantial efforts for the novel action approaches based on the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) treatment and also the sizeable efforts towards gene treatment, deliverance of trophic factors and the stem cells (EPDA, 2011). Conclusions From the overall evaluation, it has been determined that there are a lot of options of secure and well-organized strategies that have been used to recover through the rehabilitation strategies of a number of the most frequent group disarrays together with the required tremor, dystonia and also Parkinson’s disease. The disease has been determined that cause severe difficulties in terms of mobility of a patient. Therefore, the prime focus of the rehabilitation program has been laid upon ensuring proper mobility of a patient. The disease can be determined as a silent destroyer of critical nerve cells in the nervous system which in turn sternly affects individuals. The critical age of commencement of this disease has been ascertained to be nearly 60 years. The aspect of growing accentuates the degeneration of cells resulting in intensification of the disease. Therefore, a comprehensive effort is required to be made in order to alleviate the suffering of the patients of Parkinson’s disease. References EPDA. (2011). The European Parkinson’s disease standards of Care Consensus statements. Challenges, 1, 1-32. Gillingham, F. J. & Donaldson, M.C. (1969). Third Symp.of Parkinson's disease. Edinburgh Scotland, E&S Livingstone, 152-157. Lang, A. E. & Lees, A. (2002). Management of Parkinson ’s disease: An Evidence-Based Review. Movement Disorders, 17, S1-S6. Oddvar, M., Hans, U., Nur, D., Gunnar, B., & Tim, H. (2013). Metal Dyshomeostasis and Inflammation in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Possible impact of environmental exposures. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 1-20. Tamar , C. R., Nor , G., Jeffrey, M. H. (2002), The power of cueing to circumvent dopamine deficits: A review of physical therapy treatment of gait disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 17 (6), 1148-1160. Wright, W. (2010). Geographic and ethnic variation in Parkinson disease: A population-based study of US Medicare beneficiaries. Science Daily. Zgalijardic, D., Borod, J., Foldi, N., & Mattis, P. (2003). A review of the cognitive and behavioral sequelae of Parkinson's disease: relationship to frontostriatal circuitry. Cognitive & Behavioral Neurology, 16 (4), 193-210. Read More