Theoretical Explanation of Domestic Violence - Assignment Example

? Social Psychology and Current Event Introduction Domestic violence and sexual assault is the principal focus of this psychology paper. This is a critical issue that has prevailed in society for a long time, even though it is rarely addressed publicly. The general consensus among ordinary people, as well as, researchers is that, sexual assault and domestic aggression are aspects concealed from the public’s view since in most occurrences victims do not report to relevant authorities for fear of shame and stigma. Only superficial elements are observed, as the victims suffer behind the guise of relationships’ perfection (Rizo et al., 2011). Domestic aggression is an intricate issue and it can take place under diverse family settings and circumstances. The socio-psychological effects of domestic violence on involved parties are numerous and span over a long period of time. This paper give an in depth analysis of domestic violence, attempting to explicate the issue on the basis of social psychology concepts, incidence in the contemporary society, effects on people and potential solutions. Social Psychology Theories on Domestic Violence Exchange Theory This theoretical explanation of domestic violence suggests that, family members may opt for violent strategies to attain their objectives. This happens, as long as the expected gains outweigh the cost. For example a spouse may assault the other sexually, or violently abuse them in return for submissiveness of the victim, among other goals. Culture of Violence Theory This theory maintains that, certain societal groups usually develop cultural norms that emphasize and validate utilization of physical power, against a certain party. For instance, there are people who believe that physical violence is a disciplinary approach, thus passing on this perception from one generation to the next. Resource Theory This conceptual idea implies that, violence may occur when one person in a relationship contributes the greater portion of resources continually, thus assuming power. The power may make such an individual to beat up his or her spouse or even children, as a way of reminding them their position in the family unit. Patriarchal Theory The patriarchal theory is considered to be the most predominant theory explicating domestic violence. The theory indicates that men justify violence against children and women, as a way of preserving control and dominance. This theory posits that dominance can be attained through threats and coercion, like threatening to abandon the family, or in extreme cases, to commit suicide or take the children away. Other ways of gaining control include: use of intimidation, emotional abuse and isolation. While intimidation may take the form of property destruction and display of lethal weapons, emotional abuse could involve verbal abuse and humiliation. Isolation, on the other hand, may entail conveying threats to friends or family members, and controlling the victim’s affiliations. Social Learning Theory This concept suggests that, violence is learned by perpetrators from the people they look up to. This is shown by situations where individuals with a history of abuse repeat the same behavior in adulthood. These violent tendencies can be triggered by drug or alcohol abuse, financial constraints or tension in relationships. Current Event A recent unique case documented by a photojournalist, Sara Lewkowicz, shows that domestic violence is an issue of concern in the modern environment. The story revolves around a young mother of two, Maggie and her ex-convict boyfriend, Shane. Following his release, Shane moves in with Maggie, but they get into an argument after he flirts with a female patron in a club. The situation escalates when they get home, with Shane beating up Maggie to the extent of choking her in front of her daughter. Sarah documents all the events, and is shocked by Maggie’s reluctance to report the incident. This case is clearly affiliated to the patriarchal theory for domestic violence. Maggie’s case is not isolated, since many Americans undergo similar attacks, while opting to keep them secret (Lewkowicz, 2013). Domestic abuse is, therefore, a prevalent issue in modern society, but one that can be avoided as discussed in the paragraphs hereunder. Incidence and Severity of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Domestic aggression and sexual abuse are pervasive and grave crimes currently affecting millions of people across America, irrespective of race, education, economic status, age or religion. Research has shown that, about one woman in every four females is raped or physically abused by a spouse. Further, one in thirty three males, and one in six females experience either attempted or fully executed sexual abuse. To make matters worse, about three American women get murdered by an intimate partner, either present or previous every day. Overall, about 2.3 million Americans are physically or sexually assaulted, by a present or previous girlfriend, boyfriend or spouse, annually (Lyon & Lane, 2009). Effects of Domestic Violence Children and Youth Kids are principally susceptible to domestic violence either as victims or witnesses. Exposure to sexual abuse or domestic violence at a young age may also result in serious consequences both in the short and long-term period. For instance, children exposed to domestic abuse have a high possibility of adopting violent behavior, as well as, long term psychological and emotional indications of abuse. About 63% of children predisposed to violence fare poorly in regard to academics, moral behavior and social interaction. Children, like Maggie’s, also have a higher likelihood of internalizing behavioral troubles, thus withdrawing from social activities, as well as, depicting anxiety (Rizo et al., 2011). For instance, Maggie’s daughter, Memphis, is an extremely quiet child since the attack on her mother, and she does not interact with other children her age, as she used to (Lewkowicz, 2013). Alternatively, kids may externalize behavior problems, thus exhibiting aggression, delinquency, suicide attempts, drug or alcohol abuse, escaping from home, and engaging in vices like prostitution. For these reasons, there must be adequate interventions, so as to breach the violence cycle. Effects of Domestic Violence on Women Domestic mistreatment and sexual abuse have acute physical and psychological effects on women. For instance, psychological health effects of abuse could be post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, aspects that fundamentally have a negative effect on a female’s quality of life. Physical impacts of mistreatment are also diverse and may include; fractured or broke bones, deep bruises, gastrointestinal complications, and chronic pain, among others, which may last for long durations of time. Further, physical distress culminates in poor health conditions, depriving victims of socially dynamic lives, productive employment, and it also increases the need for utilization of medical treatment. In extreme cases, domestic abuse may result in the death of victims, an aspect proven by statistics, which show that between 40 and 60 % percent of American women murders are carried out by intimate partners (Lyon & Lane, 2009). Costs Other than the distressing physical and psychological damages caused by sexual assault and domestic abuse on victims, as well as, their close relatives, this phenomenon also leads to incurrence of hefty monetary costs. In America, rape is considered to be the most expensive crime. This is because the victims incur about $127 billion per year, in medical expenses, pain and therapy sessions to deal with it, lost earnings, suffering and diminished life quality. Research has also shown that, the health plan laid out for spouse instigated abuse, incurs about $19.3 million per annum (Lyon & Lane, 2009). Possible Solutions Increased public awareness and sponsorship of relevant preventive programs: Community awareness and sponsorship initiatives encompass a wide array of programs aimed at improving response from members of the public, reducing domestic abuse, and informing victims about possible coping options. These initiatives could adopt varying forms, such as publicity presentations and campaigns, as well as, creation of community interaction channels. Such measures, encourage, support and strengthen victims in their effort to search for help and information, while still lowering stigma linked to victimization (Rizo et al., 2011). Long-term Services After immediate requirements of abused victims are fully addressed by relevant crisis services, different stakeholders should come together to provide long-term help. These stakeholders could be shelters for the victims of domestic abuse, nonprofit organizations and relevant government institutions. The long-term welfare services that these institutions should offer include medical and legal advocacy, counseling, and help in re-establishing social and financial autonomy. Counseling may enable victims to acquire skills suitable for coping with the trauma; it may also reduce social isolation of victims, and nurture self- confidence and esteem, while reducing self-blame (Rizo et al., 2011). Children’s Services Children from abusive families should be provided with equally supportive services as adults, especially in regard to psychological help. For instance, counseling goes a long way towards helping the kids to deal with trauma caused by the violence, to get knowledge regarding suitable safety strategies, and to avoid self-blame. Additionally, relevant institutions must create daycares to cater for children’s requirements, while parents look for work or training. Conclusion As can be discerned from the discussion, it is apparent that domestic cruelty and sexual abuse are prevalent vices in the modern society. It is also evident that, victims often tend to conceal their suffering for fear of victimization and stigmatization. Unless drastic measures are taken, such as those recommended above, this socio-psychological problem will continue to adversely affect individuals in society. References Lewkowicz, S. (2013). Photographer as Witness: A Portrait of Domestic Violence. Retrieved April 18, 2013 from http://lightbox.time.com/2013/02/27/photographer-as-witness-a-portrait-of-domestic-violence/#1 Lyon, E., & Lane, S. (2009). Meeting Survivors’ Needs: A Multi-State Study of Domestic Violence Shelter Experiences. National Resource Center on Domestic Violence and UConn School of Social Work. Retrieved April 18, 2013 from http://www.vawnet.org Rizo, F., Rebecca J., Dania, M., & Natalie, B. (2011). A Review of Family Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence with a Child Focus or Child Component. Aggression and Violent Behavior 16, 144-166. . Read More