Cognitive-Emotional Correction and Psychological Maladaptation - Assignment Example

? Psychology- Research Summaries Psychology- Research Summaries Garnefski, N., Koopman, H., Kraaij, V. & Cate, R. T. (2009). Brief Report: Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological adjustment in adolescents with a chronic disease. Journal of Adolescence. Vol 32. P. 449-452. Purpose of Study They were out to understand how the cognitive emotional adjustments among the adolescents were related to the way in which they underwent psychological maladjustments when they were faced with a chronic disease. This would enable them understand how far they went in internalizing problems especially those that were related to the chronic diseases. They discovered that in most cases where the adolescents were diagnosed with chronic diseases there was a possibility that they would suffer from internal symptoms than the external ones (Garnefski et al, 2009). These was attributed to the fact that, they were not yet free with adults in the society so that they could open to them and explain to them the situation they were undergoing. The peer pressure in them so that the disease that they were suffering from could be attributed to the different character traits that they had learnt from their peers. This results to living a low quality of life as a result of the low self esteem that they have developed. Procedures used in the Study The authors sampled a group of adolescents who were diagnosed with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) where they studied the internalized problems being faced by the adolescents and how it had affected their quality of life (Garnefski, 2009). In order to understand the specific cognitive emotion strategy with reference to the disease in question, they used the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Catastrophizing were among the most evident symptoms and the researchers used the correlations and multiple regression analyses. It was clear that isolation from their peers became stigmatizing as they developed stress and even more complicated health problems. Conclusions/Recommendations It was clear from the study that rumination was a clear internal problem as it made them think all the time. The thinking was already giving them stressing moments which resulted to the low self esteem as they were no longer freely interacting with their peer groups. The feelings and thoughts of the adolescents seem to be affected negatively as they value their company most as compared to their health (Garnefski, 2009). Adolescence is a stage in which they value their friends as they are a source of moral and social support to them. It is through the company that they are able to socialize each other into the new stage of changing from childhood into adulthood and therefore there is need to learn from each other. Critique The study seems to have paid attention to the families that are very strict o their children and therefore whenever they are faced with a chronic disease, they find it a challenge to open up to their family members. The mode of socialization is one that emphasizes on the need to always do right and therefore when the adolescents are faced with a chronic disease they start considering themselves as being deviant (Garnefski, 2009). The study ought to have considered both cases since families that are very strict in the upbringing of their children always instill in them fear which leaves them suffering the internal problems whenever they are faced with a calamity. The sample chosen was small and therefore coming up with a clear conclusion would be a challenge in its own sense as it was necessary that they have a large sample that was from mixed families with different characters in order for the answers to be accurate and almost similar. Generalizing the study in this case would therefore be a challenge especially in the case where the results have to be replicated. Tiuraniemi, J., Laara, R., Kyro, T. & Lindeman, S. (2011). Medical and Psychology Students self assessed communication skills: A pilot study. Patient education and Counseling. Vol 83. P. 152-157. Purpose of the Study They researchers were out to understand the different communication skills that had been acquired by the medical students and how competent they were when communicating with each other or with the patients. This was attributed to the fact that as a doctor or medical consultant it was necessary that they had good communication skills so as to make the patients be able to freely tell the symptoms they were suffering from (Tiuraniemi et al, 2011). The study would enable the students to be able to reflect on their own communication abilities through which they would be able to correct their own disabilities and mistakes. It would enhance the development of the cognitive and emotional capabilities in them. Development of patient centered techniques would be a vital skill that has to be developed among the medical students as they plan to enter their area of qualification in terms of employment. Procedure of the Study The study used the role play in order to assess their interpersonal and communication skills that they had been able to acquire during the training session. Semi structured questionnaires were also used before and after the training session in order to understand their ability and level of communication (Tiuraniemi et al, 2011). Participatory observation was used and this was evidenced through the role plays where they were able to evaluate on the level of communication skills that had been acquired by the medical students. Through the clinic work they were able to participate in a patient work through which they would be able to interact face to face with the patients and it is at this point that they were expected to show off the communication skills that they had acquired. Through self assessment they became aware of the areas that they were expected to correct when interacting with the patients and the other medical practitioners. It was to be applied with reference to the age group since communication skills adopted for the adults would not be the same for those dealing with children. Conclusions/Recommendations It was observed that the time and period of training had an impact on the communication skills as it had a great impact on the communication skills that they had acquired. This was evident among the medical students in the sense that the short period that they had been trained had already enabled them to acquire the best communication skills between them and the patients they were to attend to (Tiuraniemi et al, 2011). It would be appropriate for institutions to implement communication skills as a vital course that was required by everyone in the teaching practices irrespective of the courses they had been enrolled into. This was attributed to the fact that they were able to develop their cognitive and emotional components that were necessary for the positive development of their communication skills. This would make the patient to feel comfortable even when in the presence of a medical practitioner who asks intimate questions. It is through the communication skills that the medical practitioner creates a suitable environment for the patient making him feel secure and as a result the medication process for the patient will be a success. Critique Communication skills do not necessarily have to be leant as some of them can also be acquired through the process of socialization. However, the move to introduce them into a curriculum would be a positive move where they have to learn to interact with their clients. Creation of a safe environment by the medical practitioner encourages more patients into the medication center where they prefer to be attended to as they are pleased with the services being provided. Poor communication skills as a result of not listening keenly to their patients makes them develop a negative attitude towards the doctors (Tiuraniemi et al, 2011). There is better attendance to the patients hence development of trust between the patient and medical practitioners. Vidair, B.H., Reyes, A.J. et al. (2011). Screening parents during child evaluations: Exploring parent and child psychopathology in the same clinic. New Research. Purpose of the study It was discovered that children who were from depressed or those families that were filled with anxiety stood a higher probability of suffering from psychiatric disorders. Therefore there was need to evaluate if there was a relationship between the parental symptoms that were depicted among parents of the children with psychiatric disorders and their children. Given the fact that there was less research that had been undertaken in to screen parents who brought their children for evaluation, the researchers for this topic found it necessary (Vidair et al, 2011). This would bring a clear understanding of the challenges being experienced by the parents in trying to fight the problem. Through the study, they were out to understand whether the symptoms that the parents were experiencing had any impact on the reactions of their children. Clinicians also used a diagnostic interview that was semi structured and administered differently to the parents and children. They asked questions about any potential symptom that they were aware of and how it was affecting the parents as well as the children. Procedure for the study The study came up with a sample of children and their parents and most of them were Hispanic aged between six and seventeen years. The diagnosis was undertaken by the clinicians using the multiple regression analyses. In doing this, they argue that the maternal symptoms that were being experienced by parents seemed to affect the level of anxiety among the children and this resulted to depression (Vidair et al, 2011). The parents seemed to suffer from internalized symptoms which were as a result of the diagnoses that had been made on the children. Data from the various databases was used in evaluation of the various symptoms that had been diagnosed among the children and their parents. The data was in relation to the emotional, social and behavioral difficulties that they were undergoing as a result of the symptoms in them. Conclusions/Recommendations It was concluded that the internalizing of the symptoms led to more internalizing diagnoses. Children who were diagnosed with an elevated maternal issue were likely to experience depression and anxiety a problem that was challenging for their parents to handle. Adjusting to parental care did not have an impact on the overall maternal and child anxiety. There was no relationship between the marital status and ethnicity and its effect on the children anxiety was minimal. There was need to develop mental health services that would address such issues as parent screening and child psychiatric evaluation (Vidair et al, 2011). It was vital for all family members to regularly attend medical institutions so as to undergo such exercises as they serves as a way of reducing the reoccurrence of the symptoms. It was also clear that the more the parents suffered from the internalized symptoms the more the children were exposed to diagnosis of both depression and anxiety. It would be vital for the parties involved in the diagnosis of symptoms to involve the parents in training about care giving for children with depression through the different parenting skills that can be taught to them. Critique It is agreed that anxiety seems to cause depression among children as it instills in them fear which leaves them with a negative judgment over what is making them anxious. Not all children are likely to be depressed especially those at the tender age of six years as they are not yet fully aware of the expectations of their parents from them. Therefore the research would have been a success if the diagnosis was carried mostly on the youth who when entering the adolescent stage are filled with anxiety to want to explore more yet they want to maintain the respect they have for their parents and the society at large (Vidair et al, 2011). Sargent-Cox, K., Butterworth, P. & Anstey, K.J. (2011). The global financial crisis and psychological health in a sample of Australian older adults: A longitudinal study. Social Science and medicine. Vol 73. P. 1105-1112. Purpose of the Study The economic stress being experienced in Australia seems to be having a negative impact on the physical health of the older adults in Australia. It has even extended to having an impact on the mental distress that they are experiencing. This is attributed to the fact that the global financial crisis has led to a major increase in the prices of the various commodities that are being sold in the markets. As a result the older adults cannot be able to cope with the daily increasing prices leaving them mentally depressed due to the tough conditions that they are exposed to. They are unable to work and earn their own salary to meet their demands (Sargent-Cox et al, 2011). Depression grew in them daily as they had no alternatives on how they could meet better standards of living. The functioned poor psychologically as they were lacking the basic needs like food needed for survival despite the fact that they were up to protect the social norms of the society. Procedure of the study The participants were exposed to the longitudinal cohort studies from the various districts. The relevant institutional ethic committees were used in the approval of the studies being undertaken in the districts. Anxiety symptoms and depression that the older adults were experiencing were measured using the Goldberg depression and anxiety scales where the respondents were only required to answer yes or no to the questions being asked (Sargent-Cox et al, 2011). They were expected to be aware of their financial security in terms of any savings that they could have made while still in the work force and if in any case it had helped them to manage the tough economic times. Self rated health was also used where the older adults were asked to rate their own health in terms of being good, best or worse. This was to be used as an indicator for both the individual and the population levels. Conclusions/Recommendations From the studies, it was clear that the global financial crisis tended to have a negative impact on the older adults who were not working or those who were nearing retirement. However, the impact was time oriented in the sense that they did not experience the impact of the global financial crisis immediately but with time (Sargetn-Cox et al, 2011). This was attributed to the fact that the increase in the pricing of commodities was an aspect that was being done one at a time and not at once. The older adults who had been placed in the group of the non- acute category were the ones who were seen as experiencing a negative impact from the inflation hence deeply depressed. This could be attributed to the fact that they we experiencing both financial hardship and depression making the situation worse. They were experiencing a change in their retirement plans as a result of the economic slowdown. However in cases where they had been granted their pension, then they were likely to experience the financial crisis after sometime. Critique The study seems to have only paid attention to individuals who lacked stable mean of earning a living despite the fact that they had grown old. A study on those members of the society who had retired from their former employment would have surely yielded different research results. Despite the financial crisis being global, they would have still managed to survive for a given period of time before being affected by the crisis (Sargent-Cox et al, 2011). It would have also been a different case considering the fact that the older adults definitely have other younger adults such as their own children or other relatives whom they can rely on for support during the tough times. Therefore with reference to the conclusion of the research it can be termed as having ignored such vital variables that are likely to affect the final outcome. Arron, K., Oliver, J.M., Berg, K. & Burbidge, C. (2011). The prevalence and phenomenology of self-injurious and aggressive behavior in genetic syndromes. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. Purpose of the study In their attempt to understand certain character traits like the self injurious and the aspect of being aggressive can be attributed to the fact that they are behavioral phenotypes that are more internal. The aggression could be attributed to the mode of socialization that the children had been exposed to as they grew into adulthood. The research also found out that most of the individuals who were involved in the self injurious traits were likely to be mentally ill. However individuals who were aggressive in character seemed to be restricted in terms of the preferences they had over the company and other social groups (Arron et al, 2011). The restrictions were as a result of the stereotypes that they had developed about those things that they were disinterested in. repetitive behavior was because they were attracted to and satisfied with the behavior as it appeared to satisfy their emotional needs. Through repetition, there was perfection of the trait hence mistakes could not be easily made. Procedure of the study Questionnaires were used on the two traits and some of the main aspects that were put under focus were the mood of the individuals, the disorders that accompanied them and the repetitive behaviors that they seemed to portray. Cohort studies were undertaken on those individuals with aggressive characters and in the end they were always victims of self injury. The Wessex scale was used in the measurement of the social and physical abilities among the children and adults who were seen as having the ID (Arron et al, 2011). Such factor as the speech and self help skills from the individuals were put into consideration for both children and adults in the sample. Both verbal and non verbal sessions were carried out by the researchers in order to take note of the repetitive behavior that would be depicted during the speech session. Conclusions/Recommendations Self injury was as a result of the repetitive behaviors that were depicted among certain individuals who had impulsive behaviors. Repetitive behaviors therefore proved to be a risky trait among those who showed it as it resulted into negative aggression. However this self injury was attributed to people with mental disability as they suffered from impairment in judgment. Individuals who strongly believed in the stereotypes that society had about them were always victims of self injury. This was in relation to the mentally ill in the society whom due to lack of social support from their families and society at large ended up suffering from stigma that drove them to injure themselves (Arron et al, 2011). The different syndromes that were present in an individual were a determining factor to the character trait that was being depicted by the individuals. The isolation of the mentally ill from the families deprives them of the social support that they would have obtained in order to facilitate quick recovery. When children grow up they are socialized to believe that the mentally ill are not normal people and this could be a stereotype that would take years to end. Critique It is society that encourages the increasing number of aggressive individuals in the society. This can be attributed to the stigma that has been caused on them through isolation from the family support or even denying them a healthy living away from the self injurious acts. They see them as a burden and society is therefore not yet ready to accept them completely as one of them. It would be advisable if members of the society undergo a session of enlightenment on the issue that we can all never be the same in the society and therefore have to learn to be accommodative as much as possible (Arron et al, 2011). Continued support for the campaigns and other programs that carter for the welfare of the self injurious are likely to bring with it a positive impact on the general performance of the individuals. References Arron, K., Oliver, J.M., Berg, K. & Burbidge, C. (2011). The prevalence and phenomenology of self-injurious and aggressive behavior in genetic syndromes. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. Garnefski, N., Koopman, H., Kraaij, V. & Cate, R. T. (2009). Brief Report: Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological adjustment in adolescents with a chronic disease. Journal of Adolescence. Vol 32. P. 449-452. Sargent-Cox, K., Butterworth, P. & Anstey, K.J. (2011). The global financial crisis and psychological health in a sample of Australian older adults: A longitudinal study. Social Science and medicine. Vol 73. P. 1105-1112. Tiuraniemi, J.,Laara, R., Kyro, T. & Lindeman, S. (2011). Medical and Psychology Students self assessed communication skills: A pilot study. Patient education and Counseling. Vol 83. P. 152-157. Vidair, B.H., Reyes, A.J. et al. (2009). Screening parents during child evaluations: Exploring parent and child psychopathology in the same clinic. New Research. Read More