Season of Migration to the North - Assignment Example

RUNNING HEAD: RESEARCH DESIGN: ESSAY QUESTIONS. SEASON OF MIGRATION TO THE NORTH Goes Here al Affiliation Goes Here Thepaper answers political science questions related to the subject of research design. Research Design: Essay Questions. Introduction: During the process of a research, the experimental structure of the research is important to arrive at conclusive results whether negative or positive. The following answers in the first part answer the research design details and the second part answers the second part answers the questions of a medical research design (Aronson, et al, 1998) Chapter 5 Question 1: In a classic research design there are two comparable groups. One is a control group and the second is an experimental group. The randomization of the groups ensures the authenticity of the comparative data. The three components of a research design are: control, comparison and manipulation during the course of the experiments and there a search carried out. The importance of the covariance, time order and non -spurious results is that the variables cannot be proved by a third entity. The variables that are involved in the research design are related to the research experiment. The time order is important as it confirms that the order in which the independent variable occurred was before the dependent variable in the control group. (Lynch, 1982) Question 2 Casual research is conducted to understand the nature of the relationships between cause and effect. Experiments are the primary data collection method and the nature of causality relies on assessing the impact of changes in a set criteria or a set norm. Experiments are the most popular method of casual research. A researcher knows when causation occurs because of the changes in the set norms of the experiments. The internal validity of casual inferences can controlled by randomization, control and matching. (Linclon, 1986) Question 3 The key components of a research design are control, manipulation and comparison. All three components enable the external and internal threats to be minimized during an experiment. Question 4 The manipulated variable if the most important factor in a research designs. There are normally just one or two manipulated variable. The importance of manipulation is that a researcher can study the impact of changes in the environmental factors that can show the effects on the manipulated variables. Examples are” Fertilizers being tested on fruit and plants, temperature changes being studied in a seedling, the final outcome from grafting one type of fruit with another and many such experiments. (Dipboye, et al, 1979) Question 5 Internal validity is seen as how well an experimented has been conducted and whether the manipulation of the researcher created the difference in the patterns or whether it was other factors that brought about the changes that have been observed. For example, while creating an environment for experimental use to bring down stress levels through talks, when the results are achieved, the researcher can question whether it was his or her discussions and talks that lowered the stress levels or was it an email message or a phone call or some other factor. External validity is how the study’s results can be used and applied and used in other environments also and other people to have a positive change as the experimental factors produced during the study. For example, a study to remove unwanted persons from a typical environment which is infested with that type or group in other parts of the globe, the external validity would evaluate the possible applicability of the results from the experiment on the other countries on the same type of persons found in a group. Controlling certain factors to see the effects of the cause and the applicability is used in both internal validity processes and external validity process. Generalizability is a predicted outcome that is made from the recurring results in the experiment that has occurred proving the hypothesis from which a premise can be drawn about the future recurrence pattern. (Lynch, 1982) Question 6 The methods by which threats can be controlled in internal validity are: Matching: Matching is having a set of control effects and patterns, instead of taking randomized results. The results of the experiments are matched to the patterns that should emerge from the experiment, if they emerge, then the experiment is a success and if the control effects do not emerge, then the experiment is a failure. Control group: A control group is necessary to eliminate the variable results in order to arrive at specific deductions regarding the results of the experiment. If there is no control group than all the underlying fact that could have caused the results would need to be eliminated one by one. Randomization: Randomization confirms the process management which allows the compassion of both groups. Both groups are tested with the dependent variable and one group is controlled while the other is subjected to the independent variable. The comparability is more accurate. Question 7 Controlled experiments provide the relationship between the cause and the effect. This is why it is important as it allows the researcher in social science and in medical science to be able to understand the effects from the changes in the societal norms that affect the society. Question 8 The Solomon Group Four tests is a pretest posttest research design with two control groups instead of one. The pretest post- test research design has only one control group, in the Solomon group there is greater control so that the external actors and the uncontrolled changes do not affect the group. The combination of the tested and the untested groups provides a greater accuracy of the experiment results. The posttest is a variation of the Solomon Four and the Classical research design. It does not have the pretest included in the design. Question 9 The classical design and the repeated measure designs are most suited to study the effects in an extended period of time. Both designs have the pretest and then posttest included in the design which makes the easier to arrive at the deduction of casual inference with accuracy. Question 10 The factoral design allows a researcher to study more than two variables at a time and the generalizability of the research is far more accurate and the larger. When two or more independent variables can be studied and multiple results it helps in understand the purpose and the objectives of the study better and more rapidly. ( Lynch,1999) Chapter 6 Question 1 An experimental design could not be used in the case of race and gender and the experimental controls require more than two variables to be studied and in the case of race and gender the casual inferential power of the experimental design is reduced. Question 2 The kinds of relationships in both types of experiments are: One group Posttest: x 0 Static group comparison relationship: x 0/0 Non -equivalent control group relationship: 01/02 x 01/02 Multiple time period relationships: Equivalent material Relationship: These are the variations of the stimulus response and the property disposition relationships. Question 3 Stimulus response is suited for the experimental design but the property disposition relationships are not suited. The cause and effect is short and the independent variable is specific but in property disposition it takes time to find the variables as there could be more than one independent variable that causes and effect. Similar groups that differ with independent variables can be identified easily which is not always accurate in property disposition. ( Johnson,1961) Question 4 The contextual analysis design is best suited for the type of research on sociological research. It involves the use of stimulus response in context to a particular situation and the effects or the variations of effects in the control; group and the experimental group. This includes unit analysis, time period analysis and matching, which makes it fairly accurate for the subject. Question 5 This is a survey research experiments across an entire cross section of people which involves taking done the details doing a comparison, doing a statistical analysis and arrive at the results from the different areas and analyzing the data to arrive at conclusions. The multivariate analytical techniques are used and this allows for the scope to be able to do a path analysis and a cross sectional tabulation. Question 6 The different types of quasi experimental designs are the planned variation design, the person to experiment design, the control series designs, time series designs, contrasted group designs and the natural experiment design. (Cook,et al, 1979) Question 7 Pre-experimental designs are one time study that is undertaken. The casual inferences drawing power is high and the design is weak and this design cannot control the internal and external validity of the study. Question 8 The limitations of the pre-experimental design are: the internal and external validity is not controlled, casual inferences based on insufficient data are high, this design is suitable for testing a hypothesis prior to an experiment. Question 9 The one time case study is a study done without a control four or without any type of manipulation to study the cause – effect relationship. It is an observational study which is based on being able to study a phenomenon and the study group is one and the study is done just once. Question 10 The dilemmas faced in external validity are the statistical conclusions that are drawn from validating the construct of the hypothesis, the generalizability of the casual relationships, casual relationships that are the outcome of manipulations. The dilemmas faced in internal validity are that it could be the controlled factors or the randomization or the extraneous factors that have led to the outcome of the results. Each probability has to eliminated separately for the results to be confirmed as per the researcher’s control situation which predominantly tries to prove that it was the researchers manipulation that provided the results. Conclusion: It is importance that the correct research design is chosen for the correct hypothesis in order to strengthen the research design on which the results and the analysis depends. The most suitable method is the experimental method as direct observation brings out many areas that are not possible in other research designs always. References: Johnson, N.L. (1961). "Sequential analysis: a survey." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A. Vol. 124 (3), 372–411. (pages 375–376) Dipboye, Robert L.; Flanagan, Michael F. (1979). "Research Settings in Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Are Findings in the Field More Generalizable than the Laboratory". American Psychologist 34 (2): 141-150. Lynch, John (1982). "On the External Validity of Experiments in Consumer Research". Journal of Consumer Research 9 (3): 225-239. Lincoln, Y.S. & Guba, E.G. (1986). But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation. In D.D. Williams (Ed.), Naturalistic evaluation (pp. 73-84). New Directions for Program Evaluation, 30. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., & Brewer, m. (1998). Experimental methods. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology. (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 99-142.) New York: Random House. Lynch, John (1999). "Theory and External Validity". Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 27 (3): 367 Extra |pages= or |at= (help). Cook, Thomas D.; Campbell, Donald T. (1979). Quasi-Experimentation: Design & Analysis Issues for Field Settings. Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0395307908 Read More