The Problem of Iraq War - Term Paper Example

Dissertation Proposal Women’s Political Participation in Iraq; The myths and realities of Women’s Political Participation in Iraq Table of contents 1. Background and Introduction 2. Literature Review Proposed Division of Chapters in the literature review Literature review: Introduction and some preliminary perspectives 3. Methodology Research Questions Reasons for choosing this topic A note on the qualitative and quantitative research designs Description of Questionnaire sent to the respondents Interviews Time Table Limitations of research References “I support women to play a political role in the future of Iraq, so they can be leaders in politics and the economy. Its very important because the woman is the half of society- - not the half of the man." M Al Fadhal (Senior Adviser to the Ministry of Justice in Iraq) Background and Introduction Many Western academics and political commentators post the 2003 Iraq war foresaw that the over throw of the military dictator Saddam Hussein would bring a democratic revolution thereby fostering a democratic revolution and a new era of political stability and peace for the Middle East. This was especially so in the light of what was hoped to be greater women’s political participation which would be conducive for development in Iraq in economic and social spheres, whereby the women would achieve like their Western contemporaries individual freedom and political empowerment. In this vein my dissertation explores whether these expectations have been achieved five years down the lane since the Iraq war. My initial research in the field of investigation of ‘women and political participation’ as I sifted through academic and political commentaries pertaining to the issue of women and empowerment reveals that there is a recurring trend of the problems that women face throughout the globe. It is also possible to see that the women’s participation in the democratic process in Iraq can be divided into historical phases. Whereas the decade of the sixties witnessed a growth in the number of more politically aware women in the country’s economic, political and civil spheres of the society particularly through the public/government sector. The advent of the Bathist party in the early seventies also saw the “Education for all” initiative which made women’s liberation a supreme tenet of its agenda based upon the prevalent socialist ideology .This is did little for the private sphere as the Muslim Shariah laws were discriminatory against women. Things did not look good for the development of the “Women’s liberation” in the mid eighties which witnessed an Iraq tumultuously struggling in the Iraq-Iran conflict and the birth of an increasingly secularist state which targeting the clerical fundamentalist minority of the country’s political arena. The subsequent suppression of this fundamentalist element caused social conservatism so where as the women were active economically but politically their position weakened and this caused the decade to witness an increased breach of women’s rights and liberties. The nineties saw a wave of religious fundamentalism backed by the public sector and there was an increase in Burqa and Hijab clad women and there were less women in the work force and colleges. The decaying economy and the decreased salaries were equally pivotal in discouraging women’s work and education. It is often said that the condition of women’s liberation and empowerment was worse under Saddam’s regime than compared to Afghan women under the Taliban and it is often argued that the political and economic status of women was greatly brutalized under Saddam.At the end of the war it is estimated that only 25% of Iraqi women are literate and nearly 20% of the women are employed. (UNESCO estimates). Literature Review Proposed Division of Chapters in the literature review It is intended that this literature review will consist of 4 chapters Chapter 1, Women Political Participation Global facts and figures; this will include the number of seats that women have in Parliaments for most different areas and the system they use for women representation, Impediments to women political participation in different areas and means to overcome them. Chapter 2 will pertain to the background of Iraqi women with the sphere of political participation Chapter 3 will be about the impediments Iraqi women face in political participation; this will examine the challenges that the Iraqi women faced and are still facing and the results of the questionnaire. Chapter 4 is based on the results of Chapter 1 and 3 will bring together important elements for Iraqi government and political parties to enhance women’s political participation. Literature review: Introduction and some preliminary perspectives My dissertation however takes into account the fact that the current statistics available might be misleading and before reaching a conclusion as to the original Iraqi women’s perspectives its better to conduct an independent qualitative and quantitative study. This is because the according to the United Nations Arab Human Development Report 2002, “Iraqi women scored highest amongst all Arab women on the UN measure for gender empowerment, largely because of their relatively high rate of political participation. They held almost one-fifth of the parliamentary seats under Saddam Hussein’s regime; the average for the Arab states is 3.5%.” (UNDP 2002). While there maybe some literature that describes the challenges that Iraqi women face Nadje Al-Ali, has offered some interesting perspectives upon the diversity of women’s political activism and its role in shaping Iraqi history is one of the themes of this book. Women were active in the Baath Party, Islamist groups and the Kurdish nationalist movement. Under the monarchy, members and supporters of the Iraqi Communist Party formed the League for the Defence of Women’s Rights. Ammal Rassam has also compiled some good perspectives about the development of Iraqi women’s rights 31 December 2003 with suggestions of recommendations to the UN.According to Dr. Sherifa D.Zuhur there were and still difficulties that attend policy formulation on women in the Iraqi context. It can be seen that the Iraqi women have identified the security situation and basic services as their top priorities.(Zuhur). Zuhur also goes to explain the issues and contours of family law are explained, as the future of family law in emerging Iraq is as yet undetermined. Along with an increased political presence, legal reforms together with educational and employment. Opportunities have been the planks of women’s changing status throughout the Middle East. Important work in this field has also been done by Naeshat who gives a profound background into the Iraqi women’s movement since 1920’s till 2003. Nicola Pratt(2006) also notes while talking about women and gender abou the Report called “stronger women stronger nation”2008 which based upon a survey for more than 2000 Iraqi women of their political experiences post the 2003 Iraq war.This is an important line of thesis as there is limited literature about the Iraqi women in political parties and the challenges they face being members of parties and wanting to participate politically and to gain access to being leaders and being decision makers in the new democratized Iraq. what I have experienced with the Iraqi women in the Iraqi parties and NGO’s in the times of election and the drafting of the constitution .The untold facts and stories that the Iraqi women have faced after the 2003 the solutions that they have come up with to increase their political participation .In addition to my searching for common barriers women face and how to overcome them I am aware of the fact that women do not share a homogenous social need or homogenous political interests ,but from my experience with the Iraqi women and the Iraqi political parties will enable me to choose the best practices that will work in my country. Another important piece of work comes from Dr Farzana Bari who talks about barriers facing women in political participation (UNDP 2005) where she has attempted to investigate the conceptual and material bases of women’s historic exclusion from the formal arena of politics ; analyze strategies adopted around the world to promote women’s political participation; identify internal and external conditions and factors that facilitate or hinder the creation of an environment for women’s political empowerment; and finally draw policy recommendations for the national and international actors. In this vein the developmental context of political participation at the community and national levels will be reviewed for nuanced understanding of the nature of women’s participation and their share in development processes and outcomes. The UNDP paper on Women’s Political Participation - 21st Century Challenges (2000) draws on the experience and expertise of ministers, members of parliament, government officials and members of national, grassroots civil society and the private sector, who participated in a UNDP-sponsored meeting on One central theme is that the continued absence of womens voices in governance is largely due to inequitable representation and participation in institutional structures, from governments and political parties to NGOs and the private sector. However, it also recognises that boosting women’s political participation needs to go beyond raw numbers to encompass the complex relationship between power, poverty and participation. Women want and need to be able to participate in the decisions that affect them, their families, communities and countries. There a number of web sites which I have researched that deliberate the challenges that women face in political participation and also talk about the new democracies and post conflict countries and the challenges and solutions for women seeking political participation;. Methodology My research focuses on the analysis of the extent the Iraq war lived up to its promise of peace stability and women’s democratic. It is intended that, through my research, I will investigate the matter in a more in-depth manner and try to find how these women have overcome these obstacles. This will help me find potential solution and the best practices to increase women participation in politics in Iraq when examining other women’s experiences in other countries as I am aware of the fact that women in developed and developing countries do not share a homogenous social need or homogenous political interest. It should also be clarified at the outset that this dissertation will concentrate in my research on the Iraqi women political participation on women in political parties only and not on women in NGO’s. Research Questions What are the main impediments that women face in political participation in other countries? The ways and solutions to overcome these impediments? What are the main impediments that the Iraqi women face in political participation? How realistic is it for Iraqi women to gain and access there rights within the current security situation? What is the solution and way ahead for women’s participation in Post war Iraq’s political development? Reasons for choosing this topic After working with Iraqi women from the north to the south areas of Iraq in political parties , and women NGO’s for more than two and a half years and training them on how to gain political skills and listening to them and try to help them overcome their difficulties I feel this inside perspective is important ,I feel that I know what the Iraqi women suffer cause I am one of them I have shared their joys and laughter’s and pain .I wish to conduct this research because I want people to know the many challenges that the Iraqi women face and have faced for the past 40 years and I feel some of these barriers are not just faced by Iraqi women they are also faced by many women in other parts of the world but the security situation in Iraq is what makes the Iraqi women’s situation different and more difficult. My research is important because it can be of use to other women in other countries that have the same circumstances that the Iraqi women are going through ,it can also benefit the Iraqi government and political parties to issue polices that enhance women participation which will enrich the whole political processes and it is also important because there has not been written much about Iraqi women in political parties ,I feel they are the real fighters because how else can you fight for better rights and power for women either to fight and lobby for change from the decision makers or be in the system and be a decision maker. Quantitative and Qualitative research I acknowledge the fact that if I want to talk about this topic comprehensively it has to be noted that Iraq being a new democracy, is a post conflict country and many impediments are faced by women in political participation.My research is based on my personal interest having worked for more than two and half years with Iraqi women in political parties and NGO’s .During my tenure I met with women aspiring to contribute to the political development from all over Iraq and trained them on how to gain political skills and leadership skills .I have worked with more than 31 main leading Iraqi parties and have wide knowledge and experience with the Iraqi women in Political parties and NGO’s. My research will be based on structured interviews and a comparisons of two questionnaires the first one of which was carried out in 2005 within women in 12 main political parties of Iraq who were asked to identify the challenges they face externally and internally in their political participation. I want to ask the same group of women after three years if they still face these barriers. How have they cooped with these challenges? To pursue this objective the same questionnaire will be distributed again to determine the situation of things three years down the lane.The interviews will be based on the fact that Iraq has had 5 years under democracy and now I want to investigate whether anything has changed for these women .In this vein I will be asking them questions like the following: 1. In fighting for women’s rights and insuring women’s political participation ? 2. How will these rights be gained and exercised within the current security situation in Iraq? 3. How realistic will it be for Iraqi women to achieve that? A note on the qualitative and quantitative research designs An interview is a purposeful discussion between two or more people and is an effective tool in the collection of both reliable and valid data that serve as answers to research questions and objectives.For this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with all interviewees. The reasons behind the choice of typology of interview were that: They are flexible and non-standardised – this allowed a natural flow in between the interviewer and interviewee, encouraging the interviewer to introduce spontaneous questions that may have risen from the interviewees answers and opinions on the planned questions. They give the opportunity to discover issues that may have not considered or known previously. Interviews will be approximately 25 minutes long and will be done face-to-face, and then interviews were tape-recorded and then transcripted with the aid of the downloadable software ‘E-speaking’. The limitations of the primary qualitative research collection were primarily the bias of the chosen interviewees by the interviewer. These were not chosen fully randomly, but in a convenience manner. This could be considered as potentially making the research partly biased. In addition to this the lack of structure and open-ended questions made the results difficult to analyse and interpret without the researcher interpreting the results in his/her perception. This, once again, makes the interpretation of results partly biased.A questionnaire designed with SNAP 9 will be used to collect the data required for the collation of primary quantitative research. The respondents were also chosen, in ombination with the quota sampling, using the haphazard (convenience) method of sampling. This, aids in getting hold of the target audience that is most conveniently available ensuring a large number of questionnaires are completed in an economic way. This was an ideal solution to the lack of financial support and time-constrains for the research to be carried out. The scale used in the questionnaire was the so known Likert Scale. This is a scale in which you ask the interviewees how strongly they agree or disagree with a particular statement (s), generally on a four, five, six or seven point rating scale .   The Limitations of a quantitative research can be classified into different factors affecting the results of a research study. In the case of this study the limitations were as follows: Systematic errors: These are errors arising from imperfection in the research design that causes respondent error or a mistake in the execution of the research" . The possibility of self-selection bias:  Extremity bias Limited Sample base. Description of Questionnaire sent to the respondents Although the updated version of the questionnaire draft has not been finalised yet it is intended that a self – completion Questionnaires will be sent to (60) Iraqi women in 12 main parties in Parliament asking them about the barriers they are facing now ?and have things changed ?and if they have changed are they for the better or worse? And if they have potential solutions or success stories they would want to share? The questionnaire is constructed of closed (likert scale pre- coded ) and open questions to help the women clarify and elaborate more their views and concerns. At this point the following questionnaire has been formulated .However it is intended that it will be revised at a future date since valuable feedback from my peers, tutors and colleagues is expected. Women all over the world today face many problems in political participation. This questionnaire forms an important tool to know the major issues as well as basic worries that women face in political participation plus trying to find potential solutions for them. 1) Please confirm that you are an Iraqi National? If not please state so. 2) What do you think is the single most important External/Cultural barrier that face women in political participation present time? __Economical Issue __Gender Inequality __Patriarchal Society __Security Situation __Religion __Corruption __ Party Transparency __ Male chauvinism __Other __don’t know 3) Would you like to further comment about the problem you mentioned?(optional) 4) What do you think is the single most important Internal Barrier that women face in political participation presently? Educational achievements and qualification. Self confidence. Lack of Political & leadership skills. Family (support & time management). Economical (financial independence). 4(B) Would you like to comment about the problem you mentioned?(optional) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Please rank the following in terms of how important each issue is in relation to the other issues on the list that you think will encourage and enhance women’s Participation in Politics with “one” being most important and “10” being least important. For example, if you think National Quota is most important, you would rate it “one” followed by what issue you think is second most important (two), and so on. An effective electoral system for women representation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The use of Positive discrimination in accessing seats in Parliament 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 National quotas 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proportional representation; 30 -50% of parliament in countries where women are the majority 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Encourage government and non government members to nominate women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Political Awareness of Men and Women of the importance of Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Political Participation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sensitization of media, community awareness through programs specialized and support them in the electoral campaigns 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Imparting training courses for the MPs (men and women) about the gender concept and leadership skills for decision-making 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4) What do you think is the single most important problem facing Women in your political party at the present time? ___ Absence of support for women ____Male chauvinism ____Transparency ____Gender Inequality ____Nepotism. ____Other Issues 6) Would you like to further comment on these problems you mentioned? 7) Are you married? -Yes -No 8) Please tick your age group? -18-24 -25-29 -30-29 40-49 50-59 60 and over 8)What is the highest level of education that you have completed? ____Primary School ____Secondary School ___Some College (Undergraduate Degree) ___Bachelor’s Degree ___Master’s Degree ____PhD 9) Please state your habitual residence and domicile in terms of being Iraqi or non-Iraqi. Interviews I will prefer face to face interviews as phone interviews would be very expensive. This analysis will also contain a comparison analysis of existing available literature for barriers that women face in political participation. Time Table I am aiming to finish the dissertation by the end of August to have sufficient time to proofread and correcting and editing required by submission. Limitations of research Since I am well aware that the scope of this work is large and I will not be able to cover the whole world but I will choose to research most countries according to the levels of the representation of women in their parliaments. It is also imperative to reference my work properly and ask for proper permission to organisations before interviewing their affiliates. 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London: Blackwell Websites of Women Rights and Political Participation www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/enabling-environment2005/docs/EGM-WPD-EE-2005-EP.12%20%20draft%20F.pdf - www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/forum/forum-daw-politicalparticipation2007. www.whrnet.org/docs/issue-women-politics.html www.undp.org/governance/docs/Gender-Pub-21stcentury.pdf www.un-instraw.org/en/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=1015&Itemid=231 - 23k - www.iwdc.org/resources/fact_sheet.htm www.womankind.org.uk/womens-civil-and-political-participation.html www.idea.int/gender/ www.liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=923 - 10k United Nations Arab Human Development Report 2002 United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the advancement of women(http://www.un-instraw.org) women web(Taiwan)http://V1010.womenweb.org –(http://www.oas.org)UNIFEM(http//www.unifemics.org) Parliamentary assembly-council of Europe(http://assembly.coe.int) Participation, Governance ,Political system(http://oecd.org) Africa Democracy Forum(http://www.africandemocracyforum.org) Politics.uk.co (http://www. 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