Types of Policy Instruments - Assignment Example

– I wanted to send you this much to see if these types of s make sense to you. If they do, I will continue forward. If they don’t,please tell me what might be a better way of structuring them so that they are usable to you. I skipped chapter 2 realizing I am quickly running out of space (chapter 3 required nearly 3 pages). I’ll wait to hear from you. Chapter 1 Terms Politics – general will and popular sovereignty (Jean Jacques Rousseau); power relationships (Karl Marx); elite mass relationships (Gaetano Mosca & Vilfredo Pareto); the authoritative allocation of values (David Easton); government and governing Public administration – the actions involved in effecting the intent or desire of a government (Dwight Waldo); the action part of government (Corson and Harris); the accomplishment of politically determined objectives (Marshall and G.O. Dimock) Public policy – whatever governments choose to do or not to do (Thomas Dye); a proposed course of action (Carl Friedrich) Key Questions What ideologies and dominant ideas are present in the policy field in question? What institutional ideas are present? What are the spatial and territorial aspects of the policy? What policy paradigms exist in this field? What statues and laws are involved in the policy field in questions and what are the constitutional limits and constraints? What instruments are used in the policy field? Are the policy changes being advocated major or minor in nature, that is fundamental or incremental? What risks and uncertainties are involved in the policy options being advocated, including the status quo? Where does the policy field in question rank among the government’s and opposition’s priorities? What structures are involved in the policy field, directly and indirectly? What are the time-related factors involved in the policy formulation process? In implementing the policy change, to what extent is implementation dependent on private behavior, as opposed to things that officials can do? How has the policy been analyzed and evaluated in the past? 9 Types of Policy Instruments Privatization of conflict; Symbolic instruments; Exhortation; Tax expenditures; Public expenditures; Regulation; Taxation; Public ownership; State of emergency Tips for studying public policy Dive deep, know the law, count the stakes, look at the big picture, be cautiously skeptical of experts, be cautiously respectful of common sense, have a bias toward small solutions, choose policy targets that you have a reasonable chance of controlling, despite the above, remember that people have different preferences – try to structure choice into policy, be balanced in considering interests but err on the side of widely spread or diffuse interests over concentrated organized interests. Policy instruments Demand and support input functions: Political socialization – values and attitudes are induced Political communication – process of opinion forming/ exchange Interest articulation – expression of interests and claims Interest aggregation – process of sorting interests Decision and action output functions: Rule making Rule application/implementation Rule adjudication Chapter 3 Federalism is “general and regional governments of coordinate authority, each independent of the other in its appropriate sphere, ruling over the same persons and the same territory under the benign surveillance of a court” Developed in late 18th, 19th centuries – individualism, legalism, laissez-faire 20th century increase in demands of government have made this less viable – primarily driven by needs for public services, international agreements, finances – intermestic (both international and domestic) Unitary system – formal power vested in central government; Parliamentary Supremacy Federal system – sovereignty is divided between two relatively independent levels of gov Federal functions – defense, foreign affairs, immigration, monetary, shipping Provincial functions – education, roads, public health Concurrent functions – jurisdiction is shared Functions are written in a constitution – residual functions fall to federal; basic terms are entrenched; formulas are offered as a means of change, two-house legislature is established – lower Commons by the people by population now at 301, unit representation in the upper house for total of 104 and appointed until age 75 Canadian concepts of federalism defined by Ed Black Centralist concept – reduce provincial independence to increase federal effectiveness; argue BNA Act (1867) already establishes this; primarily concentrated in 1860s-1880s, during the two world wars and in 1930s depression Coordinate concept – divided sovereignty with each level coordinating with the other, operating in independent spheres; divides legislative and executive powers; JCPC; Rowell-Sirois Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations in 1930s; equal in taxes and spending Compact theory – confederation in Canada was a contract – or compact – entered into freely by several parties; these parties (now provinces) remain the basis of it; changes must be approved by both parties; essentially a treaty between colonies; widespread provincial support; 1880s had strong support; 1930s saw decreased support Dualist concept – instead of a compact between provinces, dualists see the BNA Act as a compact between founding races; strongest support in Tremblay Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems Report 1956 (Quebec response to Rowell-Sirois); expression in Conservative Party at end of Diefenbaker era; federation was protection and expansion of two founding nations French and English; separatists are not overly supportive Administrative/Executive or Cooperative Federalism – combining authority or harmonizing policies through executive agreement; little provision in the Constitution Act; legislatures cannot delegate competence to each other; has been federal/provincial cooperation on health and welfare, agriculture, immigration, resource management, labour and training; diffuses political responsibility; most pragmatic approach; links between parts; began in 1930s; expressed greatest in 1960s under P.M. Lester Pearson; tends to ignore constitutional requirements Deil Wright’s metaphors for American Federalism: Conflict – defining boundaries and proper spheres; legislative statutes, executive regulations and judicial challenges and decisions; 19th century to the 1930s; layer-cake federalism; analogous to Black’s coordinate or compact conceptions Cooperative – economic distress and international threat; coincided with 1930s depression, WWII and Korean War in 1940s and 1950s; collaboration, complementary, mutuality and supportive; intergovernmental national planning, formula grants and tax credits; New Deal Keynesianism; marble-cake federalism; analogous to Black’s cooperative Concentrated – service needs and physical development; post war reconstruction of 1940s to 1960s; professionalism, objectivity, neutrality, functionalism; water taps Creative – 1950s through 1960s; urban-metropolitan based issues, dealing with the socially disadvantaged; national goals, grantsmanship, Great Society; project grants, program planning and public participation; flowering federalism Competitive – climaxed in 1960s and 1970s; coordination, ensuring program effectiveness, delivery systems and ensuring citizen access; disagreement, tension and rivalry; reorganization, revenue sharing, grant consolidation; picket fence federalism Calculative – peak in 1970s and 1980s; major problems of bankruptcy, constraints, dependency, issues of federal role, public confidence and accountability; gamesmanship, performance/functioning, overload; general aid-entitlements, loans, cross-cutting regulations and bypassing; façade federalism Contractive – current in 1980s and 1990s; problems of borrowing and budget balancing, federal aid cuts and changes, juridical decision making and managing mandates; aggressiveness, defensiveness, contentiousness and litigiousness; congressional statutes, presidential vetoes, information source issues, negotiated dispute settlements and court decisions; de facto federalism, telescoped federalism, whiplash federalism. 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