World Politics Trend and Transformation - Essay Example

 World Politics Trend and Transformation Lately we may observe the scale economic, political, and social processes of transformation, which have rendered a great influence on the world economy, its qualitative characteristics. After liquidation of split of the world on two opposite systems, there was a cardinal rearrangement of forces and overestimation of values in the world, in result of which existed stereotypes concerning problems of the world economy, world division of labor and international economic relations have become obsolete. In transition period, which the whole world has already entered, it is already not enough just to understand the impossibility of living in conditions of confrontation. It is required constructive and creative thinking adequate to new realities. The major problem of more and more interdependent world becomes interaction of world structures, which are characterized not only by the different levels of development, but also by different extent of an involvement in world division of labor and the world economy. Waltz on expressing his neorealist conceptualization of the determinants of international behavior claims: “international structure emerges from the interaction of states and then constrains them from taking certain actions while propelling them toward others”1. The analysis of modern economic and integration processes occurring in it allows to allocate two basic tendencies. One of them is quantitative growth of the countries incorporated in the various international economic unions and other international economic alliances that is the evidence of increase of globalization of economy. The other tendency is continuous perfection of forms and methods of realization of world economic integration that speaks about deep qualitative changes occurring in this process. At the present stage the international economic integration has reached global scales. Globalization of economy represents the maximum form of the international economic integration. It is expressed in formation and activity of interstate and international economic associations, and also in occurrence and development in modern community of the international economic institutes and transnational corporations. If early stages of the international economic integration have had only one form of its realization - the international trade, the stage of globalization alongside with it assumes moving of labor, capital, scientific and technical knowledge, and information in planetary scale. Thus, at a stage of globalization the international economic integration gets not only more significant quantitative characteristics, but also new more developed forms. Globalization is a complex and developing process, which present stage represents only its initial level of development. Today within the limits of globalization there is a formation and organization of the international economic alliances, and alongside with it is creation of the international (transnational) corporations and financial centers. Let us try to summarize the reasons for the rapid development of integration processes in economy on a boundary the 20th and 21st centuries. From a number of the reasons and factors it is possible to allocate three core reasons: 1. The amplified competitive struggle caused by essential growth of scales of manufacture compels business to "cross" its national borders in searches of the best conditions of activity. 2. The favorable political circumstances, which have developed in second half 20th century: the disintegration of the colonial system, which have caused necessity of an establishment in the world of the new economic order, and the termination of Cold War, the period of opposition of two social and economic systems, allowed to consolidate the world community and to consider the world as complete system. 3. Last achievements of the scientific and technical progress allowed creating qualitatively new, reliable world economic infrastructure, including the international transport network, adequate to requirements of time, and wide information system. Owing to it, costs for transportation of goods and factors of manufacture were essentially reduced, the degree of economic risk has decreased, and an opportunity to transfer labor, technologies and the capital quickly in scales of the whole world become real. As a matter of fact we should clearly realize that globalization is not simply an economic process, but also includes social, political, ecological, cultural and legal aspects, which affect realization of human rights. “A number of scholars and policymakers have advocated neoliberalism for interpreting world politics and the transformed conditions of globalization. Such a new liberal approach emphasizes the transnational interdependence that drives cooperation in international affairs; it attaches importance to global governance, international law, and high ideals such as the promotion and protection of human rights and democracy as as methods for reforming international anarchy and weapons proliferation and for creating a world order guided by a shared global consensus about international morality”2. The modern concept of human rights confirms the fact that the human rights established by the international agreements, are the result of political process. So, in the process of globalization it is necessary to be guided by the fundamental principles underlying all set of human rights, such as equality, participation, accountability, non-discrimination, both on national and on international levels, respect of diversity, tolerance, and also international cooperation and solidarity. Unfortunately at the given stage we observe increasing break between the developed and developing countries which negatively influences realization of human rights, especially in developing countries. Promotion and protection of all human rights are first of all a duty of the state. Creation of the concept of the international human rights in parallel with their acceptance by national legislations is very important in the sense that both the international and national laws steadily raise the importance of personal freedoms in political, social and economic spheres. At a national level almost all the states officially aspire to maintenance of well-being of their communities. Practically all the countries reject the idea that the state can only supervise infringements of human rights and does nothing for social and economic protection of a person. Such evolution now occurs at the world level, especially in the Europe, where increase of interstate regulation of political and economic problems is marked. Old division between a social order and private economic interest of the state today has practically disappeared. Now we are witnesses of real growth of the general regulation in economic, social and political spheres not only because it concerns to effective economy, but also because it is demanded by the new morals of the social justice, the new approach to human rights and their protection. Bibliorgraphy: 1. Kegley, Charles W., and Eugene R. Wittkopf. World Politics Trend and Transformation. Basingstoke [etc.]: Macmillan Press, 2001. 2. Waltz, Kenneth N. “Structural Realism after the Cold War,” International Security 2000, 25 (Summer): 5—41. Read More