New and Advanced Gamma Ray Tools - Coursework Example

Name Institution Instructor Subject Date Abstract The use of gamma rays tools have found their application in the geosteerring process in the lateral shales that are correlated to the vertical, wire line data and the LWD depth. The use of advanced gamma rays, aid in determining complex dip wells in the shale applications. In the past, the use of LWD gamma rays has been used in landing the wells which are horizontal wells. This led to infrequent data as there was no acquisition of log holes after the production was complete. The use of new and advanced gamma rays such as the azimuthal may be used so as to enable instant geosteeering in conveying data that is related to the neutral porosity and the mapping exhibited at the boundary. This gives the determination that is dip as obtained from the images conveyed. This is enhanced by the azimuthal capacity to read the propagation resistivity that is deep. This paper elucidates the new and advanced gamma rays and their applications. New and advanced gamma ray tools Introduction Gamma tools utilize the energy of the threshold of a discriminating counter. Some of the tools include; NGT-T- It is designed so as it can cope up with severe environmental conditions. NGT-CS-This tool gives the occurrence of the radiations that occur naturally from the rocks. They find their application in correction of the depth of the open holes and in identifying any possible lithologies radiations that may be abnormal. They utilize the scintallators that are made of sodium iodide in combination of photomultiplier that are of high temperature so as to improve the quality of the logs. Sodium iodide acts as the detector. The gamma logging tools are used for; Emission of light whenever a gamma ray has been absorbed. Display in form of a graph the emission of light that are encountered as a form of the number of counts in relation to the given depth. They find their application in; Identifying and correlating of the zones and seals, interpretation of various boring logs and the identification of the source and transportation zones (Deutch 35). The determination of the rock mechanical properties such as the sonic real time and the fracture point may be obtained by use of the property of the azimuthal propagation of azimuthal density. In the use of the WL logs in holes which are open, the use of sonic photoelectric, neutron , gamma rays and the resistivity in ascertaining the time that is involved in the collapse of an open hole. In a scenario where the well is cased, the sonic logs, gamma rays and the neutron spectropy may be used in the run (Russell and Hampson 47). The use of advanced tools such as the azimuthal laterlog and azimuthal that read deep resistivity may be used in accurately determining the target zone. The azimuthal gamma rays find their application in sensitivity actions that are used in the mapping in various boundaries that exist in the middle Bakken so as to obtain the structural models that are correct. The resistivity of the laterlog The use of resistivity of the azimuthal laterlog give a high resolution but possessing DOI that is shallow. They find their application in the shale wells so as to determine the points of fracture and identifying the dip facies (Market and canady 10). All these aim in determining the placement that can occur at optimum points and suitable actions for points which are fractured. The use of the azimuthal resistivity aids in determining the extent in which the wellbore has traversed a given section, basing on the bedding plane orientation. Procedure In most applications, the gamma tools are calibrated to have an operating temperature that is approximately 350F-500F. This enables them to give an accurate count rate. The sensors are utilized in determining the nature of the gamma rays. This gives the count rate that is associated with the various energies. Table 1 Table of radioactive elements and their energies Element Potassium Uranium Thorium Energy(MeV) 1.46 1.76 2.62 The vibration and the shock testing are performed to ensure that the tool is able to meet and overcome the environmental constraints. They have to cope up to a vibration of 100 Hz. Expression of analytical gamma tools Expressing analytically the gamma tools the expression of the gamma ray flux is noted as  Where = the flux of the gamma ray R=distance  The intensity of the gamma source It is assumed that the gamma rays would arrive at the detector without necessarily scattering. Logging found in unconventional shales The sonic velocities of the azimuthal shales may be determined so as to calculate the young modulus and Poisson ratio that are used in ascertain the brittleness of the substance. The Poisson’s ratio is given as  The young modulus would be given by This enables the calculation of azimuthal in different directions. The use of azimuthal segregation finds its application in determining the measurement of low density. It has a capability of producing a macro borehole images that are not related to the mud types that are used in drilling (Market and canady 3). This helps in determining the manner in which the path of the well has traversed the various sections of the bedding density that would be encountered. Consequently, the use of azimuthal litho density sensors gathers all the information that is related to the measurement of the tools so as to determine the photo electric properties and their related densities. The data from the measurement would be used in identifying the breakouts that are experienced in the holes. The use of the laterlog that is dual aids in sharing the electrodes that is on the sonde of the primary terminal. A given laterlog would be used in investigating deep actions where there is no interference. The shallow transition is indicated by the microspheric log. The function of the micro spherically aids in ascertain that, there is correct inversion of the gamma rays whenever the rays are emitted in deep logs. The manner in which compression would take place as a result of propagation of waves depends entirely on the matrix properties of the rock. The major concerns would be dependent in the fluid and the given matrix. This would aid in determination of the porosity of the given sonic logs so as to come with the required analysis. Results The drilling of a well with the aid of the gamma sensors resulted to some observations in which the Middle Bakken revealed that, there are some complexities emerging that interfere with the surface of the structures. The complex of the LWD may be integrated in various geo steering techniques that would be used. Figure 1 gamma rays and their energies The image emerging from the azimuthal may be used to guide the geo steering towards a given sweet spot. It is estimated that the response of the gamma rays has to be approximately 40 API whereas the resistivity of the azimuthal has to be approximately 40 ohms. In the scenario where radioactive materials decay, they release gamma rays that penetrate in various materials due to their high energy (Market and canady 14). Some of the radioactive materials include; potassium, thorium and the uranium. The use of gamma logging tools aids in logging of the natural radiation from gamma. The scintillations present send the signals to the surface. The gamma ray log indicates various zones where the various levels of the soil layers are located. In its action, the scintillation tools is combined with the wire line cable and connected to a winch in which it is lowered inside the well. The tool is lowered inside the well then raised again. Various formations as a result of the radiations from the natural actions is measured as the tool rises up. There is more radiation emitted from the shale and clay formation. The scintilization crystal emits the light when gamma rays passes through them. Conclusion In conclusion, the use of the advanced gamma rays and the boring log data aids in mapping of the various potential contaminant and the transport zones. They aid in delineation of the 3D models that would aid in determining various points. This advancement provide a technique in which a simulation that is quick and efficient. It focuses in the wire line centre point that aids in gamma rays logs. Essentially, the new techniques aim to enhance the performance of the manna rays log reaction to 3D in case where the geometries are intricate. The use of the modelling methods may be used to understand the functionality of the gamma rays more so in the wells that contains tools that are eccentric. The new gamma tools gives precise results such that it gives additional information that, the distance of the detection of the adjacent rocks is mainly dependant on the contrast of resistivity and not on the real resistivity. This is evident in oil reservoirs that experience disparities in their resistivity. These tools are also capable of identifying the conductive and the existing resistive boundaries. In most occasions, they are integrated with the tensor mechanism that ensures there is a uniform sensor flow in a given orientation. Effects of emulsion may result due to the effect of mud’s that is exhibited in mud’s leading to inaccurate results. References Deutch, Cris. Geostatistical reservoir modelling. New York: Oxford university press, 2002. Market, Jennifer and canady, Cathy., Multipole sonic logging in High Angle Wells. New York: Oxford University Press. 2009. Print Russell, Bell. and Hampson, Dick. ``The Old and the New in Seismic Inversion", CSEG Recorder. 2006. 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Table 1 Table of radioactive elements and their energies Element Potassium Uranium Thorium Energy(MeV) 1.46 1.76 2.62 The vibration and the shock testing are performed to ensure that the tool is able to meet and overcome the environmental constraints. They have to cope up to a vibration of 100 Hz. Expression of analytical gamma tools Expressing analytically the gamma tools the expression of the gamma ray flux is noted as  Where = the flux of the gamma ray R=distance  The intensity of the gamma source It is assumed that the gamma rays would arrive at the detector without necessarily scattering.

Logging found in unconventional shales The sonic velocities of the azimuthal shales may be determined so as to calculate the young modulus and Poisson ratio that are used in ascertain the brittleness of the substance. The Poisson’s ratio is given as  The young modulus would be given by This enables the calculation of azimuthal in different directions. The use of azimuthal segregation finds its application in determining the measurement of low density. It has a capability of producing a macro borehole images that are not related to the mud types that are used in drilling (Market and canady 3).

This helps in determining the manner in which the path of the well has traversed the various sections of the bedding density that would be encountered. Consequently, the use of azimuthal litho density sensors gathers all the information that is related to the measurement of the tools so as to determine the photo electric properties and their related densities. The data from the measurement would be used in identifying the breakouts that are experienced in the holes. The use of the laterlog that is dual aids in sharing the electrodes that is on the sonde of the primary terminal.

A given laterlog would be used in investigating deep actions where there is no interference. The shallow transition is indicated by the microspheric log. The function of the micro spherically aids in ascertain that, there is correct inversion of the gamma rays whenever the rays are emitted in deep logs. The manner in which compression would take place as a result of propagation of waves depends entirely on the matrix properties of the rock. The major concerns would be dependent in the fluid and the given matrix.

This would aid in determination of the porosity of the given sonic logs so as to come with the required analysis. Results The drilling of a well with the aid of the gamma sensors resulted to some observations in which the Middle Bakken revealed that, there are some complexities emerging that interfere with the surface of the structures. The complex of the LWD may be integrated in various geo steering techniques that would be used. Figure 1 gamma rays and their energies The image emerging from the azimuthal may be used to guide the geo steering towards a given sweet spot.

It is estimated that the response of the gamma rays has to be approximately 40 API whereas the resistivity of the azimuthal has to be approximately 40 ohms. In the scenario where radioactive materials decay, they release gamma rays that penetrate in various materials due to their high energy (Market and canady 14). Some of the radioactive materials include; potassium, thorium and the uranium. The use of gamma logging tools aids in logging of the natural radiation from gamma. The scintillations present send the signals to the surface.

The gamma ray log indicates various zones where the various levels of the soil layers are located. In its action, the scintillation tools is combined with the wire line cable and connected to a winch in which it is lowered inside the well. The tool is lowered inside the well then raised again. Various formations as a result of the radiations from the natural actions is measured as the tool rises up. There is more radiation emitted from the shale and clay formation. The scintilization crystal emits the light when gamma rays passes through them.

Conclusion In conclusion, the use of the advanced gamma rays and the boring log data aids in mapping of the various potential contaminant and the transport zones.

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