Key Questions of Being according to Socrates, Plato, Russell, Anselm, Paley, and Other Thinkers - Assignment Example

Answers According to Socrates, when gods disagree piety cannot be defined as what is dear to them because each of them have different preferences and love different things. In this case, what piety one god likes is hated by another and therefore, it ceases to be common to them and is not recognised by any of them. 2. According to Socrates, an action cannot be defined as pious if only it is loved by gods but if it is the intrinsic reason that gods to make it so that make it dear to them. The reason that makes gods to define the pity from the perspective of a piety that makes an action which implies that it is not merely what is loved by gods that can become a piety. 3. Russell argues that philosophy frees us from the tyranny of custom by helping as to evaluate the things that we believe from an objective point of view and criticize norms. Philosophy helps a person to perceive the world from only the way it affects us but the way it is really is by eliminating our preconceived ideas about it and being open to all the changes. 4. According to Russell, the greatest benefit of pursuing a philosophical question is the result it has in terms of the ethics in the world which comes when people are critical of the things that people do. In the world of relativism, philosophy questions helps an individual to relevant through clear criticism of the things a person does in their environment that determine their behaviour. 5. Anselm believes that that which is greater cannot be taught not to exist because people have their belief about it and it reflects it is undisputed by many people. For example, the existence of God cannot be disputed because the ancient theologians and the current ones believed he existed and still exist even though they have never seen him. 6. In response to the objection that existence of evil shows non-existence of God, Aquinas argues that God is the highest goodness and has no aspects of evil; he argues that good allows evil to happen so that his goodness can be revealed in his the lives of people who do not engage in the evil acts. 7. According to Paley, argues that for ease of determination of the way living things exist and how their lives come to be, there need to new designs of watches. The watches will help in determining the age of the different timelines of the natural occurrences. 8. The theory of guided evolution argues that life started from simple forms and evolution took place to come up with the current human being as the end products. The theory is at the middle of the creation theory and the evolution theory because it argues that God initiated life and evolution manipulated them. 9. By saying that the problem of evil is logic, it means that people try to question the ability and care of God when they are faced with problems. This happens when Christians question why God has to allow them to undergo suffering like sickness or to fall into sin and yet he is always with them (Kingsmill 37). 10. Some scholars like Mackie, argue that God is not omnipotent because he is immutable and it is possible to that he cannot do all things that people think or imagine. On the other hand, Mackie argues that God can be limited by his choices and his willingness to do or not to do something within his ability. 11. According to Plato, knowledge is certain for it is based on facts but on the other side, an opinion is not certain and it may lack the factual bases of the same. The opinion can are originated from the shifting world of sensation which are relative in various people but knowledge come from the timeless forms which are facts which do not change. 12. According to Plato, prisoners in the cave look at the shadows of the people moving in with lights as the real people and they are convinced that all these people are what it looks like to be a person. This ideology is representing the knowledge of the people and the difference the fundamental knowledge and the sensation that are perceptions in the minds of the people. 13. Descartes argues that the fact of his existence is confirmed by the people the scientific proofs and the facts that support each other to credit his existence. Descartes argues that all these provide proof that is un-doubtable about existence of humans although they have different premises of argument. 14. According to Descartes, a malicious demon he describes an entity that controls people’s real to make it look like unreal and influence their choices and their activity. A malicious demon is just hypothetical and cannot its existence cannot be confirmed in the physical by keen observation but it is believed to exist anyway. 15. According to Locke, primary qualities represent the factual properties of some things that do not change regardless of the different people who talk about them. They represent facts and represent such things like motion, number, figures, solidarity and extension and they are the ones that are empirically identified and cannot be changed. 16. A secondary quality is one which produces sensation in the observer and could vary according to different things that happen within the environment. Some secondary qualities include color, smell and taste and sound that observers can give different views when they experience them in the same context. 17. Cultural relativism argues that different cultures have different moral codes that dictate their way of relationships among each other. Rachel argues that there is therefore, no objective truth about morality and this implies that people from different places have different ways of behavior. 18. According to Rachel there is no right or wrong answers to the question of morality in different cultures because there are all based on the opinions people bear about the various issues. In this respect, people judge the places situations according to their socialization in their different backgrounds which does not imply there is no moral truth. 19. Moral worth of an action is given by the motive of a person to participate in different situation and which dictates the willingness of a person to engage in an activity. He argues that an action cannot be morally worthy if it is motivated by the inclination to the natural law or the impulse to act which is not preplanned. 20. In using the end-in-itself formula can be used to choose whether to neglect her natural gift in that a person can consider using that gift for her benefit to improve her life not solely to exploit her potential for gains. It implies that it should come unconsciously that a person can use the talent and gift and in the course gains some money instead of targeting gains using the gift. 21. Mills uses the opinion of people who have experienced the different pleasure to determine the quality of the people where have their own points about their feeling about one quality. According to this criterion, the quality of the pleasure that receives the approval of many people is categorized as the preferable as compared to the other. 22. Utilitarianism is not a selfish doctrine because it argues that people should seek to have pleasure but these are within the confines of the ethical and moral behavior. This means that as a person seek to have pleasure, he does not go against the rights of others and does not interfere with their happiness. 23. Quality of pleasure involves the one which is acknowledged by many people in place of another of the that is preferred by other people. The quantity of pleasure is measured on the parameters of the varieties s of the same which is available for people to choose to enjoy regardless of the different quality of them. 24. There are different things that determine the relationships that should exist between the people and organism that are not human and it involves giving care. The obligation prevents people from doing things that can harm an animal or cause injury it its body or by providing food or other needs. 25. In giving care, people sacrifice their priorities that are supposed to the main things they should provide to the people or other organisms they are serving. In this respect, people give their issues to attend the people according to their preferences and their different considerations so that they can be both ethical and helpful to the people. 26. The life of pleasure prevent the development of virtues in that people who are involved sacrifice their time to impress those who are within the society so that they cannot be able to determine the different thing that should be parts of the life. In this situation, people involve who are familiar with each other and which are likely to show relationship as though they are used to each other and may not consider the differences that are necessary to the change. 27. For a man in the middle rank of the society, his pleasure is significantly different from that of a woman in the on the same rank in that a man can exploit the emotions to the lower sides while on the other side, a woman can be able to express their feeling to men on higher ranks. This is because they have different privileges as the people which have the opportunities to exploit to have their own pleasures in their environment because the difference men are likely to get women of their rank below but women can enjoy pleasure and interaction with men of the higher class. 28. According to cultural socialization that establish the people in a way that emphasize on the place of men more than the people in the society and they are likely to help them to advance their preferences. This means that they can only advocate for the things that are a entrenched in their culture and hence the possibility of o advocating for a feminist constitution is rarely possible. 29. Outlaw emotion help in gaining an accurate understanding of the reality understanding because they specify the things that are acceptable and those which are not so that they can ensure quality analysis of the reality. Through them, people understand the things that exist among the people as good and those which should not be done them that are not real. 30. In the explanation of why women are adept to emotions than men in the same context, Jaggar cites the issue of biological differences between the two individuals where women have the natural ability. In relation to the same issue, men have less ability to distinguish emotions because their biological compositions do not allow them to explore the different phenomena. Work Cited Kingsmill, Edmée. The Song of Songs and the Eros of God: A Study in Biblical Intertextuality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Read More