The International Political Economy of Nursing - Assignment Example

al affiliation Introduction Evidence-based practice is a tactic that is applied in clinical approach. Evidence-based practice mainly deals with interdisciplinary issues and shows the approach to which such issues should be handled. Evidence in this context refers to finding that have been collected through various means. The data is commonly collected from observation through a stipulated system of research. In the clinical practice, firsthand information is considered very efficient and helpful and, therefore, first-hand data is very crucial at this stage. Data on evidence-based practice, therefore, collected through means such as experiments and questionnaires. Surveys involve the formulation of questions that assist in the gaining of evidence. Other clinical methods such as testing of the hypothesis are applied in the collection of data for the formulation of evidence. Evidence-based practice is a vital approach in the field of clinical practice because it does not only put into consideration the current state of the patient but also the previous data and experience on the issue. To understand the connection between evidence-based practice and clinical appraisal, some past information is necessary for consideration. Evidence-based practice can historically be said to have started from the field of medicine, with an earlier name of evidence-based medicine. The simple application of this practice influenced other fields to borrow and apply the concept in their various areas of the specification. Evidence-based practice has since spread to other areas. The disciplines that have adopted and put in application the concept of evidence-based practice include the field of psychology, education and most importantly, nursing (Cotula, 2012). In this project, application of evidence-based practice in the field of nursing will be analyzed. It is in the principles of evidence-based practice that all decisions that are going to be made should be pillared on previously done research studies. The research has to be accurate and in line with the specified line of direction. In analyzing of the research studies, there are specific standards that have to be applied. Such standards can, therefore, declare a research study as a shred of evidence. Research-based practice is, however, tiresome and involves a lot of time and resources. It is therefore only understandable that in the nursing profession, speaking is preferred to research. The evidence-based practice helps the practitioners to make decisions that ensure a promoted heath care. Evidence-based practice, therefore, uses the analyzed evidence, together with the professional expertise and other resources to promote quality healthcare. Evidence-based practice is a legal subject, and it, therefore, has been acceptable by the Environmental and organizational laws. Evidence-based practice is accomplished in five steps. This project is mainly going to dwell on the third stage, the critical appraisal (Phillips, 2014). Critical evaluation is the use of clearly understandable procedures to obtain data from research that has been published. In the critical evaluation stage, the methods used to access the research information have to be transparent and in a professional manner. The procedures of evidence are an important regularity in this stage. In the critical appraisal stage, the level at which the conclusion is warranted is paramount. The evidence is used to base on an end, and the internal validity of such a conclusion is the necessary consideration. There are general standards of reporting that are professionally applicable. The critical appraisal stage majors the concerns on the evidence brought forward while sticking to the limitations of the reporting standards. The standards of reporting have to be followed for the evidence-based practice to be successful at this stage. In the third stage, the rules of evidence are also applicable to the conclusions of the research. The evidence provided has to be in line with the end, and the professionalism of the practice warranted. The critical appraisal uses evidence based on dependable observations. To determine whether an observation is reliable or not, the generalization theory is used. The theory, therefore, is a primary tool for operation at this stage. The generalization theory that deals with the framework of investigating and bringing into concept reliable observations. All performance evaluations have to be accessed, and their reliability determined. The critical appraisal stage, therefore, deals with an analysis of the evidence provided, in line with specific guidelines. The relationship between evidence-based practice and critical appraisal is, therefore, a direct one, considering that critical examination is a stage in the identification of evidence-based practice. Critical evaluation is an important stage of evidence-based practice because the critical appraisal stage uses the theory of evidence to come up with viable conclusions (Phillips, 2014). Evidence-based practice encourages the use of research, observations and speaking to come up with data that can be used to make viable conclusions. The critical appraisal stage makes a good use of these findings to bring up a reliable decision-making process. An accurate decision-making process is the basis of professionalism. Critical appraisal, therefore, enhances professionalism and job accuracy. Evidence-based procedures also largely depend on the critical evaluation stage. The critical evaluation stage uses concepts such as internal validity and generalizability, which are very vital in the receiving and criticizing of research data. It is the research data which forms the evidence (Höche et.al, 2012). The evidence is the fundamental part of the evidence-based practice. It is therefore very clear that both the evidence-based practice and the critical appraisal depend on each other on a basis of collection and verification of evidence. The critical appraisal concept has been used over the years as a method of analyzing evidence. The critical evaluation has been very active and has gained trust in mist organizations, individuals and professional expertise that requires an analysis of evidence. The ability of the critical evaluation concept to involve the time factor in decision-making has made the idea popular among clients. Critical evaluation is applied by use of the critical appraisal tools. There are various tools of critical evaluation, including the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools and the CONSORT statement. This project is mainly going to base on the CASP tools (Luo & Mkandawire, 2015). Evidence-based practice has been very effective due to its ability to apply the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools. It is therefore only logical that the CASP is the most useful tools in the critical appraisal stage. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools were invented due to the difficulty the people found in analyzing evidence of different types. Evidence had been found to be occurring in different specifications depending on the level and nature of research carried out. Therefore, the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools had to come in handy to help in the analysis of such evidence. The critical appraisal stage primarily deals with evidence analysis, and the accuracy of this framework depends on the accuracy of evidence analysis. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools were developed to assist in the analysis of evidence of nature such as economic evaluation, systematic reviews, and diagnostic test studies. It is therefore very clear that the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools are the most useful means of the critical appraisal stage. The tools’ ability to increase the scope in which evidence should be analyzed has increased the efficiency in the framework that they are applied. The importance of the questions in the tool analysis cannot be ignored. The questions act as a basis for research, conclusion and, therefore, evidence. The questions serve as the primary guideline towards obtaining the evidence. Each question formulated at this stage is therefore imperative in the critical appraisal as a subject (Luo & Mkandawire, 2015). The risk of bias is one of the critiques in the world of critical appraisal. Bias is a common phenomenon in the world of observation and conclusions. Bias is a situation where the observers and researchers give data and information according to their own views, and not the acceptable view. Since the critical evaluation is essential evidence obtained from observation and conclusions, it is therefore subjected to bias. To protect against the risk of bias, the conclusions have to be analyzed critically. The observers have to be accurate in their observations. In a case where bias has been observed, necessary corrective measures have to be taken by pointing out the bias and identifying what has been done and what should have been done. The critical appraisal of a subject has its strengths and weaknesses as discussed above. What is important, however, is how the faults are handled and the strengths are utilized. The tools in the critical appraisal have the advantage of bringing out a reliable evidence. The weaknesses can, however, be controlled, eliminated or reduced. Despite the critiques analyzed, the critical evaluation is still a dependable stage in the evidence-based practice (Nuckols et.al, 2014). The ability of the critical evaluation to determine whether the results are reliable or not is one of the strengths of this framework, the question of the viability of the results ensures that there is accuracy in data collection and is one of the ways to handle the standard critique of the bias. The reliability of the results ensure that the evidence brought forward is precise and to the point (LoBiondo & Haber 2014). By use of the critical appraisal tools, analysis of the evidence is supposed to bring accuracy to evidence findings. Critical evaluation is not only applied in specified professional fields but a general lifetime context. The principles in this context are generally reliable in a wide area of practice since analysis of the evidence has a wide field of application. The tools of critical appraisal can easily be applied to any working office. Research, observation, and evidence is a standard routine in any working environment. Different types of data need to be obtained for proper running of any organization. The concept of critical appraisal is applicable to different ranks in the working office, starting with the primary office cleaner to the top-ranked manager. Accurate analysis of data in the office can also be applied by external workers that get contracts for specific purposes in the organization (Cotula, 2012). The study of the critical appraisal methods, therefore, is essential for life application. Evidence-based practice in all professional fields also largely relies on the critical evaluation stage. The tools of the critical evaluation should, therefore, be analyzed and applied in the daily routine practice of life, so as to improve the knowledge on evidence-based practices and their applications. References Cotula, L. (2012). The international political economy of the global land rush: A critical appraisal of trends, scale, geography and drivers. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3-4) , 649-680. Critical appraisal of excited state nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of 9H-adeninea). The Journal of chemical physics, 137(22), 22A503. Höche, S., Krauss, F., Schönherr, M., & Siegert, F. (2012). A critical appraisal of NLO+ PS matching methods. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2012(9), 1-43. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J., Cameron, C., & Singh, M. (2012). Nursing research in Canada: Methods, critical appraisal, and utilization. Elsevier Health Sciences. LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2014). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J., Berry, C., & Yost, J. (2013). Study Guide for Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Luo, Z., & Mkandawire, M. T. (2015). Are Fruits of Free Normal Education Policy Real or Mythical? A Critical Appraisal of the Free Teacher Education Policy Meant to Promote Rural Education in China. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 3(3), 13-22. Nuckols, T. K., Anderson, L., Popescu, I., Diamant, A. L., Doyle, B., Di Capua, P., & Chou, R. (2014). Opioid prescribing: a systematic review and critical appraisal of guidelines for chronic pain. Annals of internal medicine, 160(1), 38-47. Phillips, D. L. (2014). Looking backward: A critical appraisal of communitarian thought. Princeton University Press. Read More