Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at a 65-Year-Old - Essay Example

The most recent event happened three months ago and prompted her to go to the emergency room. The diagnosis of the last visit was emphysema that was ruled out from the X-Ray report that indicated an increased AP diameter and hyperinflation of both lungs. However, the patient rejected the endorsed pulmonary function trials and did not want to be admitted to the hospital. She was discharged, and the doctor prescribed antibiotics and an inhaler as a treatment to enhance her condition.

To conclude that the patient suffered from emphysema, it was necessary to carry out the chest X-ray (Cohn & Brower, 2012). The results showed hyperinflation of both lungs that had an enlarged AP diameter. Based on the patient’s complaints the diagnosis of dyspnea and cough is made. For further analysis, pneumonia is a likely illness because of the high fevers of 101 degrees, hence a need to carry out the appropriate tests. In addition, on percussion of her chest, a dull sound was heard which is an indication of pneumonia. In order to confirm the COPD diagnosis and measure the severity of the obstruction, another diagnostic trial, for instance, spirometry is critical (Lam, 2014). On the other hand, the laboratory tests include αl-antitrypsin and hemoglobin/hematocrit levels. Lack of αl-antitrypsin is a risk factor for OCPD and the hemoglobin/hematocrit levels determine the extent of hypoxemia. It is also crucial to consider sleeplessness as a diagnosis since the patient suffers from orthopnea.

I gained a further understanding that COPD consists of emphysema and bronchitis. I also gained insight into the difference between COPD, asthma, and pneumonia. In addition, I gained knowledge on the significance of adherence to recommended treatment and physical exercise to limit the continuation of COPD. I also comprehended the different levels of COPD and that taking a balanced diet is paramount in minimizing exacerbations. Moreover, it is important to receive pneumonia vaccines every five years as well as influenza vaccines annually to avoid exacerbation. In addition, I learned that avoiding crowded areas during flu season and handwashing helps to control infection. Lifestyle habits such as smoking affect the lungs causing COPD and the mouth leading to leukoplakia disorder (Shippee-Rice, Fetzer, & Long, 2012). I also comprehended that COPD patients can be underweight or overweight. Therefore, it is important to come up with ways to increase or lose weight for specific patients. Sufficient nutrition is critical in the management of COPD. I can also identify when the patient is getting worse by looking at the symptoms for appropriate hospital referrals. In addition, I gained knowledge about orthopnea and the importance of examining the patient for sleep management and disturbance. Likewise, I gained cognition of pneumonia complications, for example, cor pulmonale that result in right-sided failure, and how to observe the patients for deteriorating signs like cyanosis. It is critical to rule out pneumonia in COPD patients because it is a complication associated with it. Regular follow-ups and checkups are important for better health outcomes. They help in assessing the current physical status and reduce the risk of death caused by COPD.

The necessary referrals for patients with pulmonary disease are dentists, dieticians, physical therapists, pulmonologists, and nutritionists. In the case of management, it is paramount to organize a pulmonary rehabilitation program to help in emotional support, give education and reduce the risk factor. Smoking is a major factor; hence, the patient should be advised to stop smoking and correct measures to be put in place.