Unit 6 seminar - Research Paper Example

What do the letters A, B and C represent in single designs? A study is normally divided into specific distinct different phases. Once the study has been divided into phases, the participants are tested under one condition per phase. These conditions that are tested are the ones that are designated or rather represented by the letters A, B, C etc. for instance a participant can be tested for the first condition A then tested in another condition b and retested for condition A all over again for a reversal designWhat do letters O, X, Y and R represent in group research designs?

In design notation the letter X is used to depict or rather show or represent a presumed cause. For the case where multiple programs or treatments are being studies using the same design then programs are distanced using X1 and X2.Letter O is used to depict or rather show or represent measurements. In cases where same measurements or observations are done the O is considered sufficient enough for representation. In another instance where same set of measures is what is given at every point in time in a study the O can be sufficient enough to represent the entire set of measurements.

The letter R is used to depict or rather show or represent a group that has been randomly assigned and if the group is not randomly assigned the N is used i.e. for a nonrandom assigned group while C shows groups assigned used cutoff score on a measurement.What are threats to internal validity?Instrumentation threat – occurs when different tests are used for the pre and the post test measurements and involves observers who may improve on the results.Measurement and observation – occurs when measurements are not carries out and demonstrations are not done at all hence not ascertaining or having a strong alternate relationship especially for the cause and effect relationship.

Explain history and maturation as to how they can be a threat to internal validity?History is the events that take place in between the firsts and the second measurementMaturation is the process that occurs within subjects and act as a function of the passage of time for instance projects that lasts for a few years will have more participants improve on their performance the treatment notwithstanding.