Nurse Practitioners Can Effectively Increase Gynecological Screenings - Assignment Example

? Nurse Practitioners Can Effectively Increase Gynecological Screenings Nurse Practitioners Can Effectively Increase Gynecological Screenings The report Gynecological screening entails the examination of the female reproductive system. This involves checking out for any abnormality in the cervix, uterus, ovaries, vagina, vulva and breast as stated by Hawkins, Nichols and Robert (2011). Nurse practitioners play an important role in carrying out various screenings. The health care providers can effectively increase the number of screenings in a bid to maintain good health among many women. Resources should be put in place and the nurses supported to ensure that screening is embraced by as many clients as possible. Common knowledge dictates that prevention is better than cure. Screening of the reproductive system ensures efficiency in child bearing since so many complications that would have occurred are prevented. Screening will help in the early detection of chronic diseases such as cervical and breast cancer as stated by Sudha (2011). Cancer, in its advance stages, cannot be totally treated. Early detection of the disease is essential in receiving successful treatment (Sudha, 2011). In other words, patients should be thoroughly screened if they have to receive proper treatment in case they are diagnosed with any disease. Overview of the Review of Literature Several researches have been carried out to discuss the types, benefits and challenges of gynecological screenings. It has been discovered that disease prevention which involves primary avoidance is important and crucial. According to Boylan (2011) there are several benefits associated with disease screenings. However, the screening processes may hampered by various factors which make counseling difficult. There are various qualitative studies that have been conducted to investigate the demand for gynecological screenings. Sudha (2011) argues that a lot of resources have to be put in place for the screening to be successful. Women have different opinions toward gynecological screening according to Liew (2009). Some view it as unethical as it involves the intrusion of individuals’ genitals or private parts. Others feel embarrassed owing to the nature of the process and therefore shun the whole process. Yet again, others do not opt for the exercise owing to its costs (Sudha, 2011). Some women also forego the exercise considering their busy modern lifestyles so that they have almost no time to make appointments with their gynecologists. Culture has a major influence on the way people think and behave. In many cultures, personal privacy is an important aspect – one that must be guarded at all costs especially if it concerns the exposure of genitals (Liew, 2009). In this respect, culture has influenced many to avoid screenings for gynecologic diseases. Plan for Change Going by the numerous studies conducted in respect of screenings, it is worth noting that a rise in the number of screening will help improve women’s health (Hawkins, Nichols & Robert, 2011). The project aims to encourage nurse practitioners to encourage female clients to hold on the gynecological screening services. My focus is to steer up reliable and affordable screening techniques to be embraced by the nurses so that more women may value and be able to rely on the results obtained from screening. Modern techniques of screening should be employed to increase the credibility of the results and maintain the confidence of the clients as suggested by Falvo (2004). Posters, newsletters and leaflets about gynecological screening should be issued to as many female clients as possible in a bid to educate people about the facts and myths about gynecological screening. The health information should be in languages that can be understood by all targeted groups. The expenses on the services should be reduced so that many individuals in the community can access them. Trained practitioners should be the ones administering screenings and Pap tests to prevent more complications during the services as noted by Bridges (2011). Even so, women in general will be made aware of the high risks that they are exposed to when they forego screening (Hawkins, Nichols& Robert, 2011). Importantly, the message of prevention as opposed to cure will be the major point of focus in the implantation stage. Suggestions for successful project The following are some of my suggestions to two of my colleagues. One of them is carrying out a study about increasing the use of non-pharmacological methods to relieve labor. The other colleague is conducting a research on effective family planning communication between health providers and clients. In order to have a successful and efficient project proper planning must be done prior the commencement of the project. State down clear and smart goals of the project and identify a reliable donor to fund the project. Identify the priority needs of the targeted group so that the project becomes relevant to them. Put in place means of accountability of the every activity that will be carried out. Ensure all the project team members appreciate and advocate for peace cooperation and every one of them become responsible for the several activities to be carried out within the project. Ensure proper management and coordination of the project. Ensure the activity utilizes the specific resources as stated in the budget so that to control under or over use of the resources. Adhere to the budget and spend within the means stipulated. The project should be implemented within the time stipulated hence adhere to deadlines. Involve experts in the project so that the results are credible and implementation is easier. Put in place a smart evaluation and monitoring system to oversee the success of the project. Actual Paper Abstract Gynecological screenings should be encouraged across the world so as to minimize reproductive complications among women. There are various factors that influence the performance of gynecological screening among members of the female gender including age group, culture, and availability of the resources. Frequent screenings should be carried out especially among women beyond the age of 18 and above and across different age groups considering that every age group has different gynecological needs as stated by Bridges (2011). Each individual should have her own primary care provider and gynecologist to easily access the services provided. The paper will address the challenges, benefits, motivations, views and barriers in respect of gynecological screening. The paper will be biased toward the challenges and barriers that hinder screening and will finally recommend changes to be made to ensure that more women go for the vital service. Nurse Practitioners Can Effectively Increase Gynecological Screenings Introduction Gynecological problems are on the increase in the world among women above 18 years, and especially those who are sexually active (Sudha, 2011). This is especially the case because over 75% of the men and women who are sexually active and aged between 18 and 22 have been exposed to HPV which predisposes them to cancerous attacks (West Virginia Immunization Network, n.d). Cancer is one of the chronic diseases that affect the female reproductive system. Cervical cancer and breast cancer are more common among women of the age over 18 years as noted by Spencer (2005). Worth noting is that gynecological problems when left to advance are expensive to deal with and pose a great burden to society. In fact many people who are poor cannot afford to treat such problems and end up suffering greatly or dying as a result. There is therefore a need to urgently address the issue. Screening is notably one of the most effective measures in the prevention and early treatment of gynecological diseases or defects and should, therefore, be wholesomely embraced (Spencer, 2005). In appreciation of this fact, many nurse practitioners would wish to see more women enroll for the service. Nurse Practitioners face various challenges when carrying out gynecological screenings. Gynecological screening is shunned by many women as they feel that the activity is a reserve for the sick among other reasons (Karasu and Karasu, 2009). The aim of this paper is to encourage and stimulate many people to go for screenings for the early detection of the diseases so that earlier treatment can be done. I would like to steer up change in the health sector to increase the gynecological screening to effectively deal with reproductive problems and reduce associated deaths. This paper advocates for regular gynecological screenings for all women across all ages groups beginning at adolescence to adults and post menopausal years. Young women should be educated on the importance of women’s health care and what to expect during screenings. Adults should practice preventive care and have regular pap smears, mammograms and testing of STDs. Aims The purpose of this study is to ensure that gynecological screenings are appreciated and embraced by many clients. The project will be specifically aimed at encouraging more women to go for screenings frequently as recommended by health experts. Review of the Literature According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2008 alone, over 83600 women were diagnosed with one gynecologic cancer or another (CDC, 2012). Statistics from the same organization also reveal that close to 27800 women died as a consequence of a gynecologic cancer. The most common types of gynecologic cancer in this respect include vaginal, vulvar, uterine, ovarian, and cervical. A study conducted by the American Cancer Society targeting women, in 2006, revealed that about 212,920 people were diagnosed with breast cancer in the same year (West Virginia Immunization Network, n.d). Statistics for uterus, ovarian, cervical and vulva cancers were 41,200 20181, 9710 and 3740 respectively. Cervical cancer leads to the death of about 3500 women each year in the U.S. alone according to the West Virginia Immunization Network (n.d). Worldwide, the statistics of those diagnosed with cervical cancer alone stand at close to half a million. While it has been established by the CDC that cervical cancer is the major cause of death compared to the other gynecologic deaths, it is also the easiest to treat and prevent. Prevention of the cancer can be done through regular screening and vaccination. Various sources indicate that among those who are most likely to suffer from gynecologic cancers are those who do not have Pap tests, those with immune deficiencies, and those who smoke. Experts recommend that women should be screened for various gynecologic diseases every year from the age of 18. They further recommend that those with negative HPV testing can go for regular screening every two to three years after their thirtieth birthday with due respect to various risk factors (West Virginia Immunization Network, n.d). There are several risks associated with development of cervical cancer; cigarette smoking, poor diet that lacks vitamins nutrients, compromised immune system, family history and infection with the human papilloma virus or HPV (Spencer, 2005). HPV never occur in young girls or women who have never engaged in sex. These risks should be dealt with and minimized. In this respect, people exposed to such risks to should be encouraged to go for screening. The use of pills and practice of abortion have increased the level of gynecological abnormalities and it end up affecting their sex life. Early detection is important in treating female conditions. There are various screenings done and this depends on age and risks factors; pap smear, screening for HPV, certain vaccines, cultures, mammograms, bone scans and blood work as stated in Sudha (2011). There are many changes in life as one ages; teenage adult, mid life and menopause. In respect of this fact, Hawkins, Nichols and Roberto (2011) argue that gynecological screening should be based on the age, family history and medical conditions. In fact, every woman over 18 years in age should have a gynecologist according to Falvo (2004). The gynecologic screening is a process which entails various stages. First, it involves visual examination for obvious signs for instance redness, sores and discharge. Secondly, a Pap smear of cervical tissues is done. Pap smear is an important screening test that detects cervical abnormalities, cancers and other infections. The screening also involves the health expert palpating to feel for any signs of the abnormal tissue growth. According to Karasu and Karasu (2009), there should be routine check up for any abdominal pain or abnormal conditions. Screenings and hospital visits do not have an impact on personal care. Liew (2009) states nursing care in the community should be embraced since it helps in giving first hand services to patients and potential clients. Educating women and young girls on reproductive health and screening assists in empowering and informing them about the importance of going for gynecological screening. This in turn helps in the early detection or possible prevention of many diseases that would otherwise negatively affect their life to a greater extent. Spencer (2005) argues that critical thinking about gynecological screening is expected from both female and nurses. Evidence based practice in reproductive system screening in respect of female clients should be demonstrated to encourage more people to accept the activity as a normal routine. Falvo (2004) states that some of the factors that hinder people from undergoing gynecological screening include lack of time, lack of money and poor counseling skills among nurse practitioners. Furthermore, people’s attitudes towards gynecological screening influence their engagement in the activity. According to Liew (2009) gynecological surgery creates confusion and fears in the patient. This has prompted the need to increase screening so that women can trust and rely on the results. All females should discuss preventive health measures with their gynecologist or primary care provider. This is to ensure optimum health and quality life. Women dislike and feel embarrassed about the thought of going for cervical screening (Liew, 2009). As a result, most of them avoid this screening and go for oral contraceptives for the same reason. They think that their dignity and rights are being interfered with when they go for screening Karasu and Karasu (2009). Summary Many women die as a result of treatable gynecologic diseases. The diseases can easily be managed at their early stages and can lead to death in their advanced stages. Screening has been established as an effective means of countering these diseases and solving other problems. Nurse practitioners should increase the number of the gynecological screenings to help protect the lives of women in the society. The many gynecological problems experienced by women will be reduced if screenings are wholesomely embraced. Several barriers hindering the number of screenings should be addressed by all the health practitioners and the government at large. There should be way in which the beliefs and traditions hindering this activity should be addressed. The project aims to change the beliefs and cultures that have been a hindrance to gynecological screening; people to change their attitude the activity hence to increase the number of the people who embrace it. Recommendations for Change Graduate nurses should take charge in a bid to increase the number gynecological screenings taking place in their work environments since cervical cancer has become one of the major a silent killers. Pap smear or HPV DNA tests help to identify the changes in the reproductive system and should be embraced by women as a preventative measure. Educating people to look out for certain signs in their body will enhance to increase gynecological screening. The signs include heavy bleeding, enlargement of abdomen, recurrent miscarriages, lower back pains, frequent urination, pelvic pains, pain during intercourse, bleeding between menstrual cycles and unusual discharges from the vagina should prompt one to go for screening. Implementation In the process of implementing or executing this project, various control systems will be put in place. This will ensure that progress is monitored so that the implementation process remains on course. The various controls that will be used in this project this include: time controll, financial control, change control , configuration control, document control, quality control, resource control, procurement control ,risk management and human resource management. There are various activities that will be carried out in this project as shown in the table below. ACTIVITY/TASK IMPLEMENTATION TIME RESPONSIBILITY START END REMARKS ACTIVITY 1: Planning the project, getting the team members 1st July 2012 5th July 2012 Project manager Preparing evaluation tools Administering the tools 5th July 6th July Project manager Training the nurses 7th July 20th July Hired speaker Community meetings 21st July 23rd July Project team Consultation, evaluation and monitoring the project 24th July 30th July Project director  The change will be effected by educating the public on the need to undergo gynecological screening. The public should be empowered on how to identify various signs and symptoms that indicate any disorder in the human body. Training of the health providers concerning how to do the screening will promote the change. Incentives will be given to the people coming for the screening so that other people are encouraged to go for screening. I will ensure that the gynecology screening is not only done to sick people when they visit the hospital but it is done to healthy people. I will encourage outreaches and home visits so that I reach many individual; this will entail mobile clinics. Adequate advertisement should be done to promote the screening services. The nurses will be motivated in the sense that they will be paid well so that they do the work with much courage. Since less payment makes them feel liker they are wasting time. Graduate nurses are well versed with the various techniques hence safe and quality results will be achieved. The issue will be addressed by alerting patients in the hospital at the waiting bay and as they are served. They will also be issued with reading materials including brochures as they leave the hospital. Women’s behavior change will be encouraged by challenging them to seek the services rather than view it as unethical. I will motivate the nurses by taking a record of the prevalence and incidence of reproductive related problems and comparing the results with previous data. I will encourage all the staff members and the community at large to embrace screening assuring them of confidential treatment. The change will occur after the intervention has been put in practice. Monitoring and evaluation Pre and post audit will be conducted by the funding agency to ensure credibility and relevance of the project. I will carry out interviews among the nurses and women to see how many of them respond to my call for increasing the number of screening. I will carry out observations in the various health care services to establish the turn up for screening services and to see that it many people go for screen. I will analyze the data in the health record books in the health facilities to state any improvement in the number of the screenings carried out. I will inquire from several women around to check out for any challenges or barriers hindering them from seeking for the screening services. My monitoring techniques will be done in various phases to ensure sustainability of the project. Phase one is the formative evaluation this is the evaluation that will be done before the beginning of the project and will be done by the project team to identify the real needs that are required to be addressed. Mid term evaluation this will be done in the middle of the project by the project partners between 14th to 16th July 2012. This will help to identify the progress of the project and detect if it is of any use to the people concerned or not. It will help to know if there is any need to reduce or increase the funds so that too ensure the success of to the project. Phase three which is done at the end term evaluation, done at the end of the project by the project donor agency to project its sustainability. Budget ACTIVITY/RESOURCE QUANTITY PER PERIOD FUNDING SOURCE Price @ item quantity series ACTIVITY 1: Salary for the trainees $100 3 2 $600 Business Salary of the nurses $150 10 10 $15000 Salary Stationeries for training $70 4 2 $560 WHO Demonstrating equipment $200 2 2 $800 CDC incentives for the volunteers $50 100 10 $50000 CDC Salaries for the subordinate staff. $60 3 10 $1800 WHO Total $68760 There will be need to properly train nurses this will improve their technical ability. The project focuses on increment in the patient volume and frequency. Different manufactures of the equipments to be used in the gynecological screening will be engaged to train people on how the machines work and how the efficiency of the machines can be improved. The training is a bit expensive and it depends on the duration and intensity. The complicated diagnosis and surgical gymnastics electronic medical record program that will be used offers positive outcomes Conclusion I have advocated for change to ensure increase in the gynecological screening. This issue had been ignored for a long time and I encourage people to embrace it. I encourage several nurse practitioners to get actively involved with screening. The nurses have responded positively towards my request. They asked me to educate the community specifically women to inform them to seek for this services as regularly as possible. I have educated various societies on the different problems that come up with lack of screening. I would like to encourage more interventional researches to be carried out so that to ensure consistency in the screening. I also wish to request government officials to get involved by funding such studies so that they are effective. References Boylan, L. (2011). Clinical Case Studies for the Family Nurse Practitioner. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Bridges, M. (2011). Reproducing race : an ethnography of pregnancy as a site of racialization. Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press. CDC (2012). Gynecologic Cancers. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/gynecologic/ Falvo, R. (2004). Medical and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness and disability Sudbury, Mass : Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Hawkins, W., Nichols, M. & Robert, H. (2011). Guidelines for nurse practitioners in gynecologic settings. New York: Springer Pub. Karasu, R. & Karasu B. (2009). The gravity of weight : a clinical guide to weight loss and maintenance. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. Liew, K. (2009). Liberalizing, feminizing and popularizing health communications in Asia. VT: Ashgate. Spencer, V. (2005). Cervical cancer. New York NY : Chelsea House. Sudha, S. (2011). Textbook of Gynecology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. West Virginia Immunization Network (n.d). Cervical Cancer: Prevntion, Screening, Evaluation, Treatment. Retrieved from www.immunizenow.org Read More