The Use of a Self Analysis Tool as a Clinical Manager of an Acute Medical Ward - Essay Example

? A SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT BASED ON THE USE A SELF ANALYSIS TOOL AS A CLINICAL MANAGER OF AN ACUTE MEDICAL WARD Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Definition and History 2 Validity of the theory 3 Reliability of the theory 3 CONCEPTS 3 The 16 possible combinations 4 Introverted Characteristics 6 Extraverted Characteristics 6 Sensing Characteristics 6 Intuitive Characteristics 6 Thinking Characteristics 7 Feeling Characteristics 7 Judging Characteristics 7 Perceiving Characteristics 7 Dominant function 8 Orientation of the tertiary function 9 FORMAT AND ADMINISTRATION 10 PRECEPTS AND ETHICS 10 APPLICATIONS 12 CONCLUSION 12 REFERENCES 13 INTRODUCTION Definition and History Myers Briggs Type Indicator, MBTI is a psychometric assessment questionnaire that is designed for measuring the psychological preference to know the perceiving of the world by people and how they make decisions. These preferences are extrapolated through use of typological theories that were proposed by C.G. Jung, its first publishing was done in 1921. The initial questionnaire that developed in into the MBTI Indicator was published 1962. The MBTI mainly focuses normal populations and emphasizes on naturally occurring differences that exist ( Capraro, 2002 p. 590). Origins of the theory Jung's theory publishing was done in 1921 and it was not tested or verified under the controlled studies scientifically but it included clinical observation and introspection as well as anecdote method which are inconclusive in the modern psychology which argue that for the theory to be published it must be studied scientifically. Validity of the theory The statistical validity of this theory and use of psychometric instrument (MBTI) has found criticism in many aspects. It has been argued that there lack critical scrutiny since most of the published material on this MBTI tool was for conferences. About a third or half have been estimated that material used were for the conferences or journals which were edited by its advocates (Capraro, 2002, p.595). Researchers expected bimodal distribution on the peaks almost at the end of the scales but these scores on subscales individually were centrally peaked distributed which was the same as the normal distribution. At the center to subscale a cutoff existed in away that the one score is classified one type while the other as an opposite type. This does not support the concept of type. Reliability of the theory Interpreted reliability from the studies has indicated the test is low. Researchers found that thirty nine percent and seventy six per cent of the test is different types. CONCEPTS As the Manual states this indicator is designed for implementing a hypothesis or a theory. Therefore the hypothesis should be comprehended so as to understand the Myers Briggs Type Indicator. Theory of psychological type is fundamental to the Myers Briggs Type Indicator as originally it was developed by Jung. He proposed an existence of two cognitive functioning dichotomous pairs: these are judging (rational) which has functions of feeling as well as thinking and perceiving (irrational) which has functions of intuition and sensing. These functions are in introverted form or extraverted form in expression. From this concept of Jung others such as Briggs and Myers came up with their own theory for psychological type and this became the base of MBTI (Capraro, 2002, p. 598). Jung's typological model regards left handedness or right handedness as similar to psychological type. This means that individuals may be born with or may develop a certain way of thinking and acting depending on preference. MBTI is on these psychological differences and put them into four pairs that are opposite to each other with 16 possible combinations psychological types. None of these psychological types are better or even worse than the other. But Briggs and Myers developed a theory that individuals prefer one combination overall with the type differences. In this case, writing using the left hand may be hard for a right handed people thus they find their opposite(left hand) psychological preferences a bit more difficult even when they become more proficient due to their behavioral flexibility by practice and development in that area. These 16 combination types are abbreviated into four letters; the first letters of these four type preferences combinations except the intuition that uses letter N so as to distinguish it with the Introversion. I.e. Introversion (I), Feeling (F), Intuition (N), Perception (P), Extraversion (E), Judgment (J), Thinking (T) and Sensing (S). The 16 possible combinations ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP ISTP ISFP INFP INTP Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I) may take lead in a personality development and this plays a dominant role on behavior they portray. Each person usually has two faces; one is usually directed towards outside world of activities, people and also things while the other is more directed to the inside world of thinking, interests and also ideas as well as imaginations. These are two complementary but different sides of nature and most individuals have more innate preference to energy from outside or inside world. Therefore this is one of the faces to their preference. The Sensing (S) part of the brain usually responds to sights, smells and sounds as well as the sensory details of present time. It usually categorizes records and stores as well as organizes the specifics. It is based on reality and provides details that are specific to the memory and recollects from the past events. The Intuitive (N) part of the brain understands and interprets then forms the overall patterns of information which is collected there and then records them. It speculates on probability of forecasts for the future. It is usually very imaginative and also conceptual. When both perceiving types are used on necessary events by people we instinctively may tend to favor one type to the other. The Thinking (T) part of the brain usually analyzes information in detached fashion. It operates more on factual principles and deduces conclusions involved systematically. This is usually our logical nature. The Feeling (F) part of our brain mostly forms conclusions in attached and global manner based on liking and disliking while impacting others i.e. human and the aesthetic values which is subjective nature of human. When using both ways of forming conclusions every person has bias towards one way over the other naturally in such that when giving directions that are conflicting usually one side is the tiebreaker (McCrae, 1989, p. 40). All people judge i.e. think and also feel and they perceive i.e. sense and also intuition, these are the processes that manage our lives by storing information, organizing thoughts, making decisions and taking actions. Judging (J) usually approaches the outer world by use of a plan and is usually directed towards the organization of the surrounding and one is prepared to make decisions before taking an action. Perceiving (P) usually takes the outer world when things comes with adopting and being flexible , adapt to the new environment and also are receptive to opportunities and hence changing game plans is there requirements. There are various characteristics that are related to these four psychological types and also the introverted and extraverted types. Introverted Characteristics Thinking or reflecting at first then acting Requires amount of time privately to recharge Motivation is internal and sometimes mind may be active such that it get closed to the outside world Prefer communication on one to one and also relationships Extraverted Characteristics Action is done first then thinking or reflecting is done later Usually feel deprivation when cut off when interacting with the world outside Usually is motivated by the world outside of things and people Enjoy change in people and relationships Sensing Characteristics Mentally lively when attending on to the present opportunities Usually use common sense and creates solutions automatically Memory rich of recalling and in detail of past events Improvise from the past experience Usually like clear and more concrete information and mostly does not like guess work Intuitive Characteristics They are mentally lively in Future and attending on to the future possibilities Imaginative and creative comes automatically Recalling through their memory emphasizes mostly on patterns and contexts Mostly they improvise from their theoretical understanding They are comfortable with an ambiguous and guess work Thinking Characteristics They instinctively search facts and logics when making decisions. Naturally they notice tasks that are to be accomplished. Easily provide objectives and analysis critically. Usually accept conflict as normal part of their life Feeling Characteristics They employ their feelings instinctively and usually have impacts on people at time of making decisions. They are naturally sensitive needs and reactions of the people. They seek consensus and the popular opinions. They are not settled by the conflicts and they have acute reactions to disharmony. Judging Characteristics They plan in details before acting. They focus on actions that are related to the task and they usually complete important segments and then move on. They work best and mostly avoid stresses on completing their work before deadline. They use targets and dates as well as standard routines in their life management. Perceiving Characteristics They are comfortable in acting without planning in advance. They like multitasking They are tolerant of pressure of time and they work best at deadlines. They avoid a commitment that interferes with their flexibility and freedom. Preferences for the extraversion or introversion are mostly referred to as attitudes. Briggs and Myers noted the cognitive functions may be in operation in an external world of behavioral, actions, things and human, this can be said to be an extraverted attitude while internal world that include ideas and also reflections can be said to be introverted attitude. This MBTI indicator make an assessment in an attempt to sort for preference overall. People that put extraversion to their preference usually draw energy from the action tend to act first then reflect and also may act further. When they are not actually active then their motivation usually decline (McCrae, 1989, p.17). In rebuilding their energy they need to come out of their reflections compared to those that prefer introversion who reflect first then they lead to action and may get to the reflection again. These people need their time alone in order to build their energy again so as they lead to an activity again Contrasting characteristics of extraverts and introverts include the following; Extraverts are mainly focused to the action but the introverts are more oriented to the thoughts. Extraverts mainly seek being broad or wide in knowledge and influencing others while introverts seek in-depth to knowledge and also influence. Extraverts may work well with frequent interaction but introverts may prefer only a substantial interaction. Extraverts get their energy back by interacting with people but an introvert gets their energy back by having their time alone. Myers-Briggs model noted that every person uses 4 functions dominantly and also proficiently more compared to the other three but the four functions are on use differently and on some circumstances. Dominant function Myers and Briggs noted that all the four cognitive functions are all in use. But one function is the one that is generally used consciously and also confidently. The dominant function is usually supported by the auxiliary function which is the secondary function or the tertiary function. The fourth function which is less conscious and always in opposite with the dominant function Myers referred to it as the shadow since it is the inferior function. These four functions are in conjunction in operation and the attitudes are extraversion and the introversion. These functions are used in an extraverts or introverts way. Combination of ENTJ types indicates the extraverts, the letter J indicates the dominant function that is preferred is the judging function and therefore the extraverted way of thinking. The ENTJ types usually they introvert their perceiving (auxiliary) function which is an introverted intuition. The main tertiary function is the sense while the inferior function is feeling which is already introverted. The INTJ combination type’s shows introverts, the J type mainly indicates the auxiliary function get preferred in judging as a function through the extraverted thinking. These INTJ types’ introverts have their perceiving as the dominant function which is an introverted intuition Capraro, 2002, p. 600). The main tertiary function involved here is feeling and the extraverted sensing becomes the inferior function Orientation of the tertiary function C.J. Jung theory showed that dominant function usually acts alone in the terms of its preference world which is outside oriented for the extraverts and inside oriented for the introverts. Consequently three functions that remain mainly operate together but in the opposite world. When the cognitive function that is more dominant is introverted these other functions get extraverted naturally and also the opposite also applies. The Manual for the theory of MBTI shows that referring to the Jung formulation in psychological type it shows that; the references to the Jung the three functions that remains have the attitudinal character that is in opposite to each other. Users of the MBTI argue that the tertiary function mainly oriented to the same direction as to the dominant function (McCrae, 1989, p. 20). Theoretical a psychologist who was known as Eysenck noted MBTI as moderate quantification that was successful from Jung first theory on Psychological Types. But both these models are theory and have no scientific study controlled to support the Jung's concept or the Myers Briggs concept. FORMAT AND ADMINISTRATION The N. American version of English indicates that MBTI Step one has 93 forced choices questions while in European version there are 88 forced choices. A forced choice usually means that an individual have one and only one of two available answers to each and every choice. These choices are word pair’s mixture with short statements. Choices are not opposite to each other literally but are chosen in order to reflect the preferences in opposing side and in the same dichotomy. Participants may or may not skip questions if unable to choose from the choices given. Psychometric techniques such as the item response hypothesis of the MBTI can be scored and this attempt to preference identification and also clarification of preference from the given dichotomy (Capraro, 2002, p. 602). MBTI test participants complete an exercise of the best fit and then readout is given to their Reported Type and this includes bar graph and also number to portray the clarity of their preference during questionnaire’s completion. PRECEPTS AND ETHICS Myers Briggs Type Indicator has precepts and ethics that help in its administration McCrae, 1989, p. 20). These are; 1. Type not trait The MBTI usually sorts for type without indicating strength of their ability. The clarity of the preference is shown by the questionnaire for ascertainment but usually not the preference strength or the degree of aptitude. Preferences are usually polar opposites this meaning that MBTI precept is that preference of people is fundamentally one thing to the other but cannot prefer both. 2. Own best judge Individuals are their own judge in answering the questionnaire in an MBTI test since this is the only indication of their Type. Best Fit method is used to allow the respondents in understanding the dichotomies and consequently form the hypothesis when answering questions thereby indicating their overall Type and this is compared with the Reported Type. Above twenty per cent of the cases this hypothesis differs with the Reported Type in the dichotomies. Clarity of the preference and potentiality of the bias of the report as well as the comparison of the whole Types help the respondents in determining the Best Fit decision. 3. No right or wrong This indicates that there is no preference or total type is usually considered as best or worst than the other. 4. Voluntary It does not make sense to compel a person from taking the Myers Briggs Type Indicator. This test should be taken voluntary out of the choice of the individual. 5. Confidentiality The best fit type and the reported type are taken as confidential to the administrator and the individual. It is unethical exercise when disclosed without permission of the party involved. 6. Not for selection The assessment results label or evaluate as well as limit the individual in this case the respondent in any manner. All types are of the same value thus MBTI is used to measure the preferences and not the aptitude. The MBTI is not proper tool that is used for the purposes of making the employment selection due to all have equal competences and value thus cannot be relied upon. Individuals in various professions have high level of competency but of different types and they have complementary preferences thus difficult to select. 7. Proper feedback People should be given feedback and in detail by the trained administrator and therefore they have an opportunity in undertaking their choice. Feedback is usually given in person, by telephone or even electronically depending on the availability. The interaction of preferences such as two or three or even four preferences is usually known as the type dynamics. These type dynamics has no or little empirical support so as to show its viability in acting as a proof of the scientific theory. APPLICATIONS The MBTI indicator finds its use mostly in the; Pedagogy areas and career counseling Team building and group dynamics Professional development and marketing Family business and leadership training Executive coaching and also life coaching Personal development as well as marriage counseling Compensation claims of the workers etc. CONCLUSION In this case a clinical manager of the Acute Medical Ward has a responsibility of managing the ward activities i.e. managing the multi professional team and the patient. As a manager he should be the best judge or his own judge on making and implementation of decisions. Considerations must be put in place to welcome new and important ideas from his subordinates. However this MBTI theory should not be used in selection of the employees in the organization. Manager should enhance team work between his subordinates as well as conduct leadership trainings. The manager has a responsibility of enhancing the proper feedback mechanisms for the organization at large. This feedback should be given in detail and may include training the multi professional team on the various forms of giving feedback to both the patient and the organization. Again the form of patient’s feedback to the organization should be in an easy and elaborate the most importantly it should be confidential and voluntary. REFERENCES Capraro, Robert M. and Mary Capraro ( 2002). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability Across: Studies a Meta-Analytic Reliability Generalization Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement (SAGE Publications) 62 (4). Pp. 590–602. Hunsley J, Lee CM and Wood JM (2004). Controversial and questionable assessment techniques". Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. P. 65 McCrae, R and Costa, P T (1989). Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator From the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model of Personality. Journal of Personality 57 (1) Pp.17–40. Stricker, L J and Ross, J (1964). An Assessment of Some Structural Properties of the Jungian Personality Typology. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 68. Pp. 62–71. Pittenger, David J. (November 1993). Measuring the MBTI...And Coming Up Short. Journal of Career Planning and Employment 54 (1). Pp.48–52. Myers, Isabel Briggs; Mary H. McCaulley (1985). Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. Myers, Isabel Briggs; McCaulley Mary H.; Quenk, Naomi L.; Hammer, Allen L. (1998). MBTI Manual (A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator). Consulting Psychologists Press, 3rd edition. Read More