Types of Sampling Design - Essay Example

Research Report: Gance-Cleveland (SECTION A Describe the process used to obtain the sample. Were inclusion or exclusion criteria used? If so, what were they? The qualitative evaluation was performed to find out the group processes and related outcomes of SBSG for COA with a conceptual framework that was interpretative and naturalistic. The naturalistic approach enabled the investigator to understand complex cases thoroughly and assess the problem in a natural environment without manipulation from a cofacilitators and participants perspective (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.380). 2. What type of sampling design is this? Is the sampling design a probability or non-probability technique? Theoretical sampling was employed to find out the problems of participants belonging to different ethnic backgrounds, age groups and duration of participation of members in the group. The sampling design is a non probability technique because written evaluation was conducted from all the members of the focus group during the final session (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.380). 3. What was the sample size? Is this size adequate for the type of study (qualitative or quantitative)? What was the setting for the study? Small samples constituted 21 students. The sample size was adequate since it include adolescents from various socio economic backgrounds, ethnicity and age group. Qualitative evaluation based on ethnographic method at two suburban high schools. The setting for the study is two suburban school (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.380). 4. How many data collection instruments were used? How and when were data collected? Data collection methods include observations, focus groups and interviews from audiotapes, field notes and transcribed verbatim (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.) . 5. Describe the methods used to safeguard the ethical rights of the subjects. What do you think of the sampling methods for this study – what problems did you find in the sampling methods? Children are persuaded to share the details of the problems in the family in a trusting and supportive environment and by creating a less stigmatizing and more positive environment for the participants. The research was approved by IRB (Institutional review board) and prior permission was obtained from cofacilitators, administrators and students for each interview. The anonymity of the participant was safeguarded in theoretical sampling in focus groups through by using code numbers in the data (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.382). Research Report: Ridge and Goodson (SECTION B) 1. Describe the process used to obtain the sample. Were inclusion or exclusion criteria used? If so, what were they? Patients were reviewed from an academic health center. Inclusion criteria are used with a face to face interview prior to the hospitalization and the measurement of pain through various methods preoperatively and post operatively (Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.71). 2. What type of sampling design is this? Is the sampling design a probability or non-probability technique? The sampling is Descriptive correlation in a prospective group using a non-probability design (Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.71). 3. What was the sample size? Is this size adequate for the type of study (qualitative or quantitative)? What was the setting for the study? The sample size constituted various numbers of participants for each study. The size of the sample seems to be adequate considering the age and probability of the hip replacement surgery. The study was conducted in an academic health centre ((Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.72). 4. How many data collection instruments were used? How and when were data collected? Five data collection instruments were used. They are Functional Status Index, Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale, Health Assessment Questionnaire, Sickness Impact Profile and Index of Well Being. The data was collected once before the surgery and twice after the surgery (Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.72) 5. Describe the methods used to safeguard the ethical rights of the subjects. What do you think of the sampling methods for this study – what problems did you find in the sampling methods? The ethical rights of the patients was safeguarded during the research since it is evident that patients were not forced to participate and even participants who dropped during the course of the research were not included in the final analysis ((Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.74). The research was conducted in a written format through the selection of statements in outcome measurement instrument that reduces the changes of bias in the data. The sampling method was reasonable based on the age of the patients. The sample did not include young patients and those included were not considered during the final evaluation of the data because the mean age was 62.4 years ((Ridge & Goodson 2000 P. 75) Research Report: Gance-Cleveland (SECTION C) 1. What data was collected in this study? How was the data analyzed? The information collected during the study was functions, significant features, benefits, weakness and strength of SBGS from the participants and cofacilitator’s viewpoint. The data was analyzed using comparative method of analysis. Intraparticipant microanalysis was another method used to analyze the data through individual interviews, coding line by line, observation or focus groups (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.383) 2. Summarize the results of the study in your own words – remember that results are the findings based on analysis of the data. In a school based support group, the discussion of parental addiction in groups gives a universality of the problem to the children rather than considering it as a problem to be suffered in isolation. Participants of School Based Support Groups completed more school and were more enthusiastic to work and seek employment with a relative lesser case depression and pregnancy. SBSG also improved the attendance of children of alcoholics (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.380). 3. What findings from this study were based on descriptive statistics? List them below. The research included twenty participant observations. The observations were then clarified by a social worker on the basis of advantages and disadvantages of the group and to clarify and validate the observations (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.381). 4. What findings from this study were based on inferential statistics? List them below. (If there were no inferential statistics used, what other process was used to develop the research findings?). Inferential statistics reveals that there were changes in participants, with increased awareness, expression of change and personal growth (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.382) 5. What points did the author cover in the discussion section of the research report? What limitations to the study did the author discuss? What conclusions did the author develop as a result of the study? What new knowledge was generated by this research study? Sharing secrets enabled participants to support mutually and set goals and target duration to achieve the goal. The obstacles to achieve the goal were outlined and formed plans to achieve goals. The end of the session resulted in the evaluation of individual progress, identified unresolved problems and established support from external facilities (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.383). Improvement in relationship with family is another advantage of SBGS. The limitations of SBSG include inadequate support from staff and faculty. The resistance of faculty to SBSG is revealed through inadequate information showing improvement in school performance of COA (p.384) and the participation of the researchers as a co-facilitator in both groups. The current research found that there is increased resiliency and more benefits as outcomes (Gance-Cleveland 2004 p.385). 6. What is the author’s conclusions The author suggests that support groups in schools are beneficial to teenagers with addicted parents. Empirical knowledge is the basis of self help groups in schools. Participation in support groups in schools enhances the self knowledge of adolescents and enables them to take self care and self healing. Support groups in schools broadens the teenagers awareness about addicted parents that results in their capability to chose crucial options that provides changes in the dysfunctional methods. Participation in support groups empowers adolescents to make necessary changes to their life. Support group for COA empowers children who feel powerlessness. Research Report: Ridge and Goodson (SECTION D) 1. What data was collected in this study? How was the data analyzed? The data was based on patient outcome such as ability to transfer and range of motion in the joint, patient satisfaction after surgery (p.72), delays in surgery, length of stay, staff satisfaction, laboratory expense and hospital supply as measured during the survey (Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.73). The data was collected with SIP in which the patient can select from 136 statements that best describes their physical condition and reflects the patient’s ability to perform activities. The statements are chosen by the patient from 12 categories that represents a particular functional status. The data is analyzed using individual category scores, psychological and physical scores and an overall score. High scores reflect low levels of functional status ((Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.75). 2. Summarize the results of the study in your own words – remember that results are the findings based on analysis of the data. Majority of the patients returned home with a better physical condition. 81 percent patients were discharged with home health care, two patients were discharged to a centre for inpatient rehabilitation, one patient was discharged to a skilled nursing facility and one patient was discharged without any other services ((Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.75). 3. What findings from this study were based on descriptive statistics? List them below. The level of pain experienced by patients and their level of mobility at the time of discharge is base on descriptive statistics. The details were collected using instruments with instructions (Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.73). 4. What findings from this study were based on inferential statistics? List them below. (If there were no inferential statistics used, what other process was used to develop the research findings?) Inferential statistics includes the necessities of human being that include psychological, physical, spiritual and social needs that are individually determined and influenced by the physical condition post surgery (Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.73). 5. What points did the author cover in the discussion section of the research report? What limitations to the study did the author discuss? What conclusions did the author develop as a result of the study? What new knowledge was generated by this research study? The functional status pose a limitation to research due to its analytical framework that interferes with clinical and scientific progress that may be restrictive to inclusive or narrow to broad analyses of the patients. In other words there is inadequate consensus between operationalization and conceptualization of the phenomenon that measures outcomes of the surgery (Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.73). 6. What is the author’s conclusions – It is concluded that there is improvement in functional status in patients whose measures were recorded between the preoperative and postoperative condition for primary total hip replacement (Ridge & Goodson 2000 p.77. Reference Gance-Cleveland, B 2004 Qualitative Evaluation of a School Based Support Group for Adolescents with an addicted parent Nursing Research Vol.53 p.379-385 Ridge, R.A. & Goodson, A.S. 2000 Discharge outcomes and functional status after total hip replacement Orthopedic Nursing Vol.19 No.1 Read More