Orphan Brands Issues - Essay Example

Orphan Brands Marmite April 6, 2007 Introduction According to the definition on given by WordSpy (2008, pg an orphan brand is "A once-famous brand name that remains on sale but is no longer popular". Orphan brands are sometimes also known as ghost brands. The main example that will be used in this assignment in is Marmite, but other brands will be used as well for the purposes of demonstration and to help illuminate the scope of orphan brands that still exists throughout the global economy today. Marmite, our main example of a orphan brand is "a dark brown-colored savory spread made from the yeast that is a by-product of the brewing industry. It has a very strong, slightly salty flavor. It is definitely a love-it-or-hate-it type of food. It comes in small (2-5 inches high) bulb-shaped glass jars with a distinctive yellow lid" (Spurgeon, 2008, pg. 1). Marmite is one of those orphan brands that people can tell what it is just from sight, and often grow used to its particular flavor after a while of using it. Children in Britain are generally fed the substance from the time they are weaned, and most never grow out of it. It has a high B-vitamin content, as well as riboflavin and niacin-and as such is very healthy for them to eat. (The vitamin-B complex helps prevent anemia.) Plus, they grow used to the taste, so it is sort of like soda, potato chips, of other snacks that children in the Western world get accustom to as they grow older. The purpose of this paper is first, to discuss branding, and also to define orphan brands and how they are created, determine why they are named orphan brands, why orphan brands are bought by other companies, weather or not it was a good idea for the company to sell them, how strong was the brand, what benefits are achieved from the new company, advantage(s) and disadvantages(s) of the new company, changes that were made by the new company, brand, what benefits are achieved through the new company, and advantages and disadvantages. We are also going to look at the success of the "orphan brands" and if in fact the companies who chose to sell them should have retained the brands or not, and weather or not it would have been more profitable to do so. Marmite: Love it or Hate it For the sake of further explaining the product in question for that those who do not know, marmite is a popular way to make a sandwich and other similar meals. Here is a popular recipe for the Marmite and Cheese Dream, taken from (Marmite.com.uk, 2008, pg. 1): Marmite and Cheese Dream 1. Take a couple of slices of bread and spread with butter. 2. On one of the slices spread your Marmite on top of the butter (we'd recommend 4g, or about the end of a knife). 3. Now lay on a slice of your favourite hard cheese (e.g Cheddar, Emmental etc). 4. Finish off with some salad vegetables and close this delicious combo with the other slice of bread. Other ideas taken from (Marmite.com.uk, 2008, pg. 1) include include the following delicious treats: Marmite and cheese dream The Italian job Ocean lovers' Ploughman's Sunday roast Mediterranean chicken Veggie delight Tomato with a twist Savoury cheese and cucumber Simple cottage cheese open face Cheat's Welsh Rarebit Marmite is a very niche product, and for the people who live it there is nothing else that hits the spot quite like marmite. It is a product that some people will for sure hate, but those that love it will even go out of their way to follow the product across name changes and product transfers. People are for certain loyal to marmite, no matter who is making the brand they love so much. Marmite's getting a 21st Century Makeover Today Marmite is evolving with the trends of the modern food world. According to the discussed herein article entitled Groceries that Time Forgot (2008,pg. 1), "Marmite's getting a 21st-century makeover. You'll either love it or you'll hate it - but Marmite is henceforth to be sold in plastic squeezable bottles as well as in those old-fashioned glass jars." Bowden adds, "Creating a list of iconic brands (and packaging) is easy - Coca-Cola, Oxo Cubes, Jiffy Lemons, Marmite - everyone has their favorite. And the great thing about all these packs is that their longevity marries great products to great design. But even the packaging of conic brands gets a makeover occasionally". Even though it was successful, the brand still needed a new modern look, and these new bottles are just one example of a product evolving to try to attempt to keep up with the times. People were loyal to the old Marmite, and now it will be interesting to see if they follow even with the new packaging changes. Take Marmite's new Squeeze Me Bottle, which is all part of the classic"Love it or Hate it" effect. The new inverted pack has taken the brand into the 21st Century and the technical packaging achievement. was honoured with a Silver Star in the Starpack Industry Awards 2006. It was a bold, innovative move for the company to take with their already revered product and name recognition. This famous brand's first re-design in almost one hundred years gave Seaquist Closures and Unilever UK Foods (Unilever Bestfoods) the opportunity to show off the type of technically clever packaging innovations that add real "consumer convenience" to all of their products, not just the now famous redesign to the Marmite bottles. And surely it is this consumer convenience and modern packaging technology that Starpack, the UK's longest established and premier packaging awards, are "all about" (Starpack 2008, pg. 1). There is one significant final point regarding Marmite (Starpack,2008, pg.1): "Marmite's head stand PET bottle and PP flip-top closure with silicone valve from Seaquist Closures was among the award-winning systems in 2006 that featured M&S was RPET retail packaging for drinks bottles and salad containers. FFP Packaging Solutions and Marks & Spencer's self-venting barbecue-in-the bag application, which took Gold in 2005."Starpack is recognized as the leading award within the packaging industry" (Spugeon, 2001. Pg.1). With t his bold and drastic move to their packaging, Star Pack was able to redefine what Marmite looked like in the new age of consumer products, and as also able to propel itself into the forefront of the packaging technology competitions. Branding There are a variety of logoed items that bear the Marmite name. Some examples are Marmite Biscuits, Marmite Cook Books, Marmite Cycling Shirts, and Marmite Toy Trucks (The Groceries that Time Forgot, 2008, pg. 1). All of these products carry the Marmite name, and with them come the same quality and costumer satisfaction that people have come to expect from all Marmite brands. If there is any lack in quality in any of them, the whole brand name suffers, and that can cause a backlash effect to all of the products bearing the Marmite name, which is something that the makes of the product do not want to have happen under any circumstance. That means that all of the Marmite products are assume to have the utmost quality in order to keep the high standards that customers have come to expect from the Marmite brand. "Brand sales have long been an important component of overall industry transactions. Some of the largest recent ones include the sale of the Chex line of cereals by Ralcorp to General Mills in January 1997; the purchase of Contadina tomato pastes and sauces by Del Monte from Nestle last November; and the sale of Weber bread, the leading sandwich bread in Southern California, by Interstate Brands to Fours Baking Co. last August. In addition, some companies have emerged as specialists in the salvage and rehabilitation of orphaned brands. Aurora Foods, which merged last April with Van de Kamp's Inc., is perhaps the leader in this regard; another prominent brand rescuer is International Home Foods Inc." The American Marketing Association (AMA) defines a brand as a "name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of other sellers. Therefore it makes sense to understand that branding is not about getting your target market to choose you over the competition, but it is about getting your prospects to see you as the only one that provides a solution to their problem. The objectives that a good brand will achieve include: 1. Delivers the message clearly 2. Confirms your credibility 3. Connects your target prospects emotionally 4. Motivates the buyer 5. Concretes User Loyalty These five things are important no matter what or who your target audience is, and this is also sometime why companies would be better off holding unto their orphan brands instead of selling them hastily to larger companies. People will often follow these name brands to whichever company owns them, so that begs the other side of the coin; is it even worth buying them if the same customers are going to follow the product no matter what Big names like Chex have been traded and sold, but was there really any reason to do so in the first place The brand is what people are buying, and as long as the brand name and the quality stay the same, whoever owns the brand is not important whatsoever to the general buying public. It would make more since for companies to extend brand names even further to other products, hoping that the people who follow the brand will continue to do so even if it may be a product they are not used to seeing associated with that particular brand. For this reason it may not always be smart to at first sell a brand, and instead better to work with that brand then dump it to another company. But one would expect the same number of people to follow no matter who is running the brand, so in effect it would look like the owner of the brand doe not even matter, it is more importantly the brand itself that matters. Orphan Brands As previously mentioned by WordSpy (2008, pg. 1) an orphan brand is" A once-famous brand name that remains on sale but is no longer popular" is an orphan brand. Orphan brands are also known as ghost brands. Orphan brands are then sometimes sold to other companies because they are not longer as popular as they once were, but often times they may have an almost cult like following of people who are devoted to that brand no matter which company owns them. However, the huge decrease in popularity makes them sometimes seem useless to companies that no longer feel they are needed, and they then tend to be bought up by larger companies that will do fine and are just looking to get a hold of the name brand recognition. How They are Created Orphan brands become ghost brands most typically by just withering away from the marketplace. According to Demetrakakes (1998, pg. 1), "In some cases, orphans get that way through simple corporate atrophy. As food companies evolve their corporate strategy and philosophy, some of their early components become superfluous. Companies with brands that gradually go bad "haven't done anything wrong. They've just made choices to go elsewhere, and this doesn't fit into their current portfolio," says Chris Snell, a consultant based in Mill Valley, Calif. But other companies indeed do "something wrong" in acquiring certain brands. Many brands come into a corporate family with high hopes that turn out to be deluded; brand sales often are the final acknowledgements of these errors. Back-of-the-shelf brands are the products that bring up the middle (or rear) of a product category. Often, because of a lack of profitability and synergy with existing operations, these become "orphaned brands" that their companies seek to unload." They feel that these brands are no longer useful, and tend to discard them to other companies who think they can either turn the brand around, or are simply looking for the brand name that comes alone with it. Why Orphan Brands are Bought by Other Companies They say one man's junk is another man's treasure. This adage also applies to orphan brands A company can have an orphan brand, and that brand can be bought by another company and have great success. "Some companies are a better fit for certain kinds of products; others specialize in picking up brands from the back of the shelf and making them work. Whatever the situation, a shrewd brand purchase can boost a food company's profitability much faster and easier than trying to build market share from scratch" (Demetrakakes, 1998). Why Was it a Good Idea for the Company to Sell Them According to Demetrakeakes (1998, pg. 1), general mistakes are very similar to mistaken brand acquisition: Mistaken brand acquisitions come about for the same reasons companies make mistakes in general: confusion or inconsistency in corporate focus, lack of attention to detail, and simple errors in judgment. Beyond that, however, is what Lloyd Greif, a Los Angeles-based industry consultant, calls "buyer arrogance - the feeling that says, 'Hey, I can buy this right.'" A company needs a certain amount of this "arrogance" as motivation to buy a brand in the first place, Greif says, but too much of it can blind executives to potential pitfalls. Perhaps the most notorious large-scale examples of such blunders include Borden, which has spent the 1990s unraveling the crazy quilt of food companies it acquired in the 1980s, and Quaker, whose sale of Snapple to Triarc in the spring of 1997 capped one of the bigger fiascoes in food industry history." There are other popular reasons why brands become ghost brands, and they are as follows: Poor use of promotional dollars Poor use of marketing plans Partner companies move to locations that cannot house them and their brands Government force and federal regulations (Demetrakakes, 1998) How Strong Was the Brand Industry transactions have long relied on brand sales, such as the sale of Chex to General Mills, the sale of Contadina tomato pastes to Del Monte, What Benefits are Achieved from the New Company, Advantages, & Disadvantages It depends on the type of company and the type of product that they are selling. Some companies are just better matches for certain products. Discussion of The success of the 'orphan brands' demonstrates that the big companies who sold them should have kept in their portfolio Foster claims that: Private equity firms, once largely behind-the-scenes, are becoming household names in some circles - much like the brands they are acquiring. Many well-known names, including Yoplait, Weetabix, Jil Sander, Jimmy Choo, 7 for all Mankind and Tommy Hilfiger have passed from the hands of their corporate or other owners into those of private equity firms. The reason is simple: established brands offer the buyer the comfort of a long and predictable history of sales and cash flow and the prospect of increased profitability. "What attracts private equity investors to mature brands is the opportunity to make money, not develop a brand," says Julian Kynaston, chairman of Propaganda, the brand and communication consultant. The downside is that good brands command a higher price and there is always the risk of overpaying. That is not the case with so-called orphan brands, which have typically been undermarketed and allowed to languish before being sold by their corporate parents. Private equity firms that believe the brands can do better under new ownership stand to make high returns. More on Marmite As previously mentioned, "Sometimes, old brands never die. Sales may decline, but certain brands, like Bromo Seltzer, remain bubbling in the cultural psyche. Bromo Seltzer dates back to 1888. Developed by Newmark Laboratories, the brand peaked under the ownership of Warner-Lambert, creators of Listerine. But the once-famous brand was eclipsed by other products and has changed hands several times over the years. Such products are called "ghost brands or orphan brands" in the trade because they were neglected or abandoned by their original owners" (TSG Consumer Products, 2008). There are a number of old food brands that refuse to die out. Some of these include: "Marmite's getting a 21st-century makeover. Sales of Angel Delight are booming. Tinned meat pies are on the rise. Why are our taste buds drawn to the past Jonathan Margolis tucks into a feast of nostalgia" ) (TSG Consumer Products, 2008, pg. 1). Angel Delight Camp Coffee Bisto Izal Pearce Duff's Blncmange Powder Robertson's Golden Shred Marmalade Fray Bentos Steak and Kidney Pie Farrow's Giant Marrowfat Peas SPAM Bird's Dream Topping Heinz Sandwich Spread Smash Trill Brasso Marmite is definitely an orphan brand. It is important to note the following: To its detractors - and there are many - it's the brand that refuses to die. An anachronism. An unwelcome, unappetising reminder of wartime austerity. Designed to be spread thinly on slices of wholesome, hard-earned bread, it evokes the pre-consumer age, when larders were bare and housewives had to make a little go a very long way. Yet the announcement that Marmite is to be repackaged in a squeezy bottle for the 21st century is a graphic demonstration of the role of food in society's collective memory- and our continuing appetite for the Foods That Made Britain Great" (TSG Consumer Products, 2008, pg. 1). Spurgeon, 20008, pg.) Here are some frequently asked questions" 1. What are the ingredients 1. Yeast extract 2. Salt vegetable extract 3. Niacin ,spices, vitamins B1, B2, B12,and Folic Acid (Seamus, 2002) 2. Who makes it "Marmite is a owned by Unilever. It is made by different companies in different parts of the world, and often to a different recipe. It is produced in the UK by Unilever Bestfoods UK, and this is the original that you should try and seek out. n New Zealand it is made by the Sanitarium Health Food Company (a Seventh-Day Adventist outfit). It is sold in plastic jars with a white lid, and has a different set of ingredients probably just down to the different labeling requirements of the two countries, and are basically the same. The addition of sugar is what gives NZ Marmite its "weaker" (some would say "less rancid") flavor" (Se.amus, 2001, pg. 1) 3. How is it made "It is a natural by-product from brewer's yeast. The by-products of fermentation-yeast, barm, or leaven-had long since been known about, but it was not until Louis Pasteur's time that the secrets of living yeast were unlocked. A German chemist named Liebig discovered that the waste of yeast used in brewing beer could be self-digested and made into a concentrate, resulting in a protein-rich paste (some would say "sludge") with a more or less meaty flavor. (So Marmite is actually a Continental, not a British, invention! But the Brits were the first to make it commercially viable.) Some of the yeast extract used in British Marmite comes from Bass's brewery in Burton-on-Trent, and the rest is from various other breweries in the area. (The breweries pay Marmite to remove the yeast from their factories.) The main Marmite factory is about two miles away from the Bass brewery. Burton-on-Trent has been the home of Marmite since the patent was first acquired in 1902. A chemist speculates that Marmite is made by adding salt to the waste-product produced by the yeast in the brewing process, thus rupturing the yeast cells by osmotic pressure-and then concentrating the resulting sludge." (Se.amus, 2001, pg. 1) 4. Is it vegetarian "Marmite is approved by the Vegetarian Society. During the brewing process, some brewers add isinglass (extracted from the swim bladder of some poor Sturgeon) to help clarify their beer. However, the yeast extract is removed before the finings are added, so yes it is vegetarian. Other (cheaper) finings are available to brewers, and if the beer is brewed correctly, no clarification agents are needed." (Seamus, 2001, pg. 1) 5. Is it natural "Wholly natural. Brewer's yeast may be the best source of the vitamin-B complex, so Marmite is rich with natural vitamin-B, as well as riboflavin and niacin." (Seamus, 2001, pg. 1) 6. Is it Kosher Marmite yeast extract spread has been listed in the Really Jewish Guide for some time as suitable for a Kosher diet, but with the status of 'not manufactured under Rabbinical supervision'. This listing resulted from Bestfoods UK Ltd supplying details of the manufacturing process and the ingredients used to the London Beth Din. Marmite spread is made on a dedicated plant from ingredients which would be acceptable for a Kosher diet, is of totally vegetarian origin and is approved by the Vegetarian Society. The plant has had a number of Rabbinical visits over the years in relation to the possibility of producing a fully supervised product. This has never progressed, largely because of a sticking point relating to the heating pipework which circulates around the factory. This pipework supplies indirect heating to the cooking vessels for both Marmite spread and also for Bovril drinks but the water circulating through the pipes does not come into contact with either product. It's a fully sealed system, and indeed has to be, for a variety of reasons not related to Kosher status. We have not made any alterations to the recipe for Marmite spread or the nature of the manufacturing process which might affect its Kosher status. What seems to have changed is the interpretation of the rules, resulting from an informal re-assessment by the London Beth Din of the way in which Marmite spread has always been made. In essence, the answer to the question of whether or not Marmite spread is Kosher depends on the degree of orthodoxy and adherence to the strict dietary laws governing Kosher lifestyle adopted by the individual." (Seamus, 2001, pg. 2). 7. Where can I buy it outside Britain "In the US, Burton-on-Trent Marmite is available from some specialist supermarkets, along with other British delicacies like HP Sauce. Try Indian stores (honest, they get a lot of product form the UK) and in New England try Shaws/Star Market in their international isle. =Jars of Marmite that aren't made in Burton-on-Trent are more widely available, but you should be able to find imported British jars if you look hard enough. The country of origin should be printed on the label. In our opinion-and we have tried Marmite from about seven different nations-nothing beats authentic British Marmite (though Singapore Marmite comes close, and Aussie Vegemite has its own special appeal, though as I mentioned on ABC radio, Vegemite really is the Pepsi of the yeast extract world 8. What advertising campaigns have there been 1. An advertisement where one man saves another man's life and licks the Marmite from his lips. 2. The major advertising campaigns are as follows: The first major Marmite advertising campaign began in the 1930s. Central to this promotion was the use of characters whose faces incorporated the word 'good'. The theme was used on posters, shop display cards, brochures, recipe books and paper bags. Soon afterwards, the rising awareness of vitamins was used in Marmite advertising. Adverts talked of 'A small quantity added to the daily diet will ensure you and your family are taking sufficient vitamin B to keep nerves, brain, and digestion in proper working order'. During the Second world War, housewives were encouraged to spread Marmite thinly and to 'use it sparingly just now'. By the 1950s, Marmite claimed it had been handed down from generation to generation. Promotions were based on the benefits for children. 1969 - A Marmite TV advertisement featured a screen full off Marmite jars which disappeared one by one to reveal Marmite spread on freshly baked bread. August 1969 - 'The Marmite Guide to Better Cooking' was available free with Marmite. 1971 - Marmite advertising featured the Marmite XI, 11 children who all ate Marmite in different ways to highlight the versatility of the product. 1973 - Marmite was advertised as the 'Growing Up Spread'. In 1987 the well-known "MY MATE MARMITE" advertising campaign was launched. September 1991 - The 'Early Words' advert featured 'Marmite' as a baby's first words. At this time the brand produced a 'My Mate Marmite' T-Shirts and teddy bears. 1995 - Marmite was so popular in Guyana, South America, that the brand sponsored a football team there with a Marmite coloured strip. In October 1996 the Marmite love it/hate it campaign began. The campaign explored the relationship consumers had with the spread. 1998 - A survey revealed the 35 percent of people loved Marmite, and 39 percent hated Marmite. Marmite branded buses appeared in major cities with the slogans 'Honk if you eat Marmite' and 'You'll Honk if you eat Marmite' on each side of the bus. 14 February 2000 a 60 foot projection of 'love is...hate is... ' Marmite Adverts was projected onto a Chelsea gasometer by Victoria station, London. May 2000 - The 'Apartment' advert featured a attractive girl who managed to disgust her would-be suitor by taking a bite of a Marmite covered bagel before kissing him. 2002 -Marmite celebrated its 100th birthday. February 2002 - the 'love it/hate it' theme continued with a television advert featuring Zippy, a character from children's TV programme Rainbow, for Marmite's 100th birthday campaign. Zippy, who is notoriously greedy and talkative, is rendered speechless when he bites into a Marmite soldier and closes his mouth rather than taste any more. Two other adverts featured in the campaign in the same year. One featured members of an Everest expedition who are confined to their tent. Two of them resort to wearing gas masks when their companion tucks into Marmite on toast. The other portrayed an early 20th century freak show where a crowd are horrified to see the Marmite man eat spoonfuls straight from the jar. Retail stockist could also get a Marmite Zippy bean toy. Also for Marmite's 100th birthday London taxis were being used to advertise Marmite. Thirty-three taxis were adorned with Marmite branding to spread the product around London, both being 'icons of British life'. The brand also launched a series of limited edition labels featuring designs from 1902, 1940, and 1970. May 2002: Marmite was giving away T-shirts designed by Vivienne Westwood as part of an on-pack promotion to celebrate its 100th anniversary. In 2003 the Love it/hate theme continued. The TV commercial featured a lifeguard who had been eating Cheese and Marmite sandwiches, who rescues a drowning man with the Marmite kiss of life. The rescued man is so grateful for the taste of Marmite he kisses the lifeguard. June 2003 - Xtreme Sandwiching campaign was launched. It invited consumers to send in photo of themselves eating Marmite sandwiches in unusual places. The competition built on the fact that 14 percent of people take Marmite on holiday (Waldrum, 2001, pg.1) 9. What are Vegemite, Promite, Bovril and Yeast Extract "Answer: They are not Marmite in any way, shape or form. Vegemite, is an Australian product, manufactured by Kraft Foods Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and is generally described by Marmite fans as a weaker version spread than British-produced Marmite. Vegemite fans have claimed that it is stronger than some non British-produced Marmite, but that doesn't say much for that "Marmite". Its ingredients are: Yeast Extract Salt Caramel Malt Extract Natural Flavor " (The Marmite Merchandising, 2001, pg.1) Marnite Merchandising 'Let it not be said that the Marmite brand doesn't have severe marketing power. You can buy all sorts of products that bear the Marmite logo. For instance, you can get Marmite biscuits, Marmite cycling shirts, Marmite toy trucks and of course Marmite cook books. 10. Why was all this discussed on the British TV/Comedy newsgroups anyway For brand recognition. 11. Are there any heavy metals in Marmite Some 12. Are there other Marmite-flavored food products Yes, as described above. 13. Can you point me to other Marmite-flavored Web sites http://www.ilovemarmite.com/2006%2F3%2F14%2Fmarmite%2F163334-4687.asp 14. Search for more on Marmite Included in paragraphs above Conclusion The purpose of this paper has been to discuss branding define orphan brands and how they are created, determine why they are named orphan brands, why orphan brands are bought by other companies, was it a good idea for the company to sell them, how strong was the brand, what benefits are achieved from the new company, advantage(s) and disadvantages(s) of the new company, changes that were made by the new company, brand, what benefits are achieved through the new company, and advantages and disadvantages. Throughout the course of the paper we have seen why some companies discard these brands, and why other companies tend to buy them up. However, by the time a orphan brand has withered away to a ghost brand, there seems almost no point in any company holding on to the product or buying them, unless the company is instead looking only for the name brand that comes with the product. This can be the case sometimes. Perfectly good brands can slowly shift into orphan brands because of no means of error on their owners, sometimes it just happens. What next becomes to those brands all depends on the buyers who stay loyal to them, and the company hands that next get to decide if it is worth holding unto these brands or selling them off. Sometimes they are sold off, other times we see these brands just drift away into limbo, and many perfectly good brands are lost this way. For the rest they can be bought up and sometimes revived, or simply their name kept by the bigger company for namesake. In conclusion, orphan brands are byproduct of the ever shifting economy, and sometimes can cause brands to go awry because of no good reason. Orphan brands can be looked at as the economic Darwinian survival of the fittest, and sometimes only the strongest and best brands can make it out alive to fight for a sale another day. Bibliography Cuddefod, James. "Orphans and Ghosts. Brand Strategy, (207) 2006 Nov, pg. 6 pgs "Gallery". TSG Consumer Partners. 2008. Online. http://www.supanet.com/lifestyle/lifestyle_galleries/gallery/324/2/gallery.html "The Groceries that Time Forgot." Supanet. Online. http://www.supanet.com/lifestyle/lifestyle_galleries/gallery/324/1/gallery.html Demetrakakes, Pan. "Opening Doors for Orphan Brands. Financial Times, 1998. Online. http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/intellectual-property/691505-1.html Foster, Lauren. Financial Times. 3 Apr 206. "The Marmite FAQ." Spurgeon. s-rhttp://www.borwski.co.uk/archives/mark/2006_03.html "News in Pictues: Marmite Makeove. Desing Week 9 Waldrum, Seamus. The MarniteFAQ. 2001 http://www.ilovemarmite.com/2006%2F3%2F14%2Fmarmite%2F163334-4687.asp Read More