Data Communication and Networking - Term Paper Example

Computer Networking With continuous advancements in technology, networking now governs our lives. Its importance and application are so great that it cannot be neglected under any circumstances in any field of our lives. With the passage of time and increasing use of computers, gadgets, and other technologies, data has become one of the most precious assets that we have in our lives, organizations and businesses and the prime job of networking is communication of data from one place to another. In simplest terms, "a network is nothing more than two or more computers connected to each other so that they can exchange information such as email messages or documents or share resources such as disk storage or printers" ( Lowe, 9). These computers can be placed in two different buildings, different cities or even different countries. The simplest goal to be achieved is transfer of data. A computer network not only allows us for the faster means of data communication but it also helps in accessing programs, databases and other softwares or tools that are distant from our approach. A simple network comprises of computers, network operating system software, cable (wiring) to connect the devices, network interface cards, switches and a router (Laudon, Laudon 299). Almost all the businesses now a days use spreadsheets, wordpads etc. to store their germane information which might also be needed by other departments of that companies and the interruption in transporting this information may cause some hindrances for the organization that might lead to ineffective and inefficient production. Connecting all the computers of that organization within and outside departments really helps a lot in increasing the competitive advantage of the organization as the data will be available on time. In addition, networking also helps in reducing the cost of saving work in different soft copies and hard copies since it allows the sharing of work. Networking is the buzz word these days. It has become to popular now that it seems like it has been there always. However, history of networking is not centuries old but the concept of networking has only evolved a few decades ago when huge computers were built in 1950s and the programming on them was done through complicated processes in pure machine language. The data were stored on punch cards and they were the only source of transferring data from one computer to another. In 1960s multi terminal mainframes were used which were pretty faster. Multiple users used to be connected through a single mainframe with a very good response time of the computers. This computing technique gave birth to the modern form of networking and the concepts of "client" and "server". "This model refers to the client – server relationship. The server is the one specialized powerful computer that provides the information that the client computers require. The client is the computer initiating the inquiry" (History of networking 1). Next, came the era of mini computers. These computers work faster than a main frame when a couple of computers are joined in parallel and the cost is also cheaper than that of mainframe. Realizing this fact, the users started shifting towards mini computers and started to setup small networks through local area connection. These networks were called Local Area Networks or LAN. This led to the evolution of networking and from here on, the concept of networking only grew. The growth is still continuing and will go a long way. Therefore, Martin and Leben had correctly predicted years ago that "1990s will be a decade of revolutionary change in computer networking" (3). Individuals and organizations not only need to set up networks but it is essential that those networks qualify as good networks. A good network must be able to meet the following standards: security, reliability and performance. An efficient network must follow these criteria. Performance of a system is checked by the execution time, accuracy and response time. Reliability of a system is the ability of its survival under bad circumstances such as virus and Trojans attack. The basic level of security that can be given to a network is preventing it from unauthorized access and that may be done through the use of ids and passwords allocated to allowed users. Security measures also include the prevention of data from any kind of damage. An understanding of networking is incomplete without an understanding of its types. Networks are divided into several types. The two broader types are 1. Wired network 2. Wireless network As the name implies, computers that are interconnected through wires, routers etc make a wired network. On the other hand, any network that is not made up of wires is a wireless network meaning that such a network may be connected through any device such as Bluetooth. Several network types fall into the above mentioned categories. These include: LAN – local area network: "A local area network is designed to connect personal computers and other digital devices within a half mile or 500 meter radius" (Laudon, Laudon 304). For example, computers connected together in an office are an example of a LAN. MAN – metropolitan area network: This is a newer type of network. "A metropolitan area network is a network that spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs" (Laudon, Laudon 305). In terms of the distance it spans, MAN falls somewhere between a LAN and WAN. WAN – wide area network: "A wide area network (WAN) provides long distance transmission of data, image, audio, and video information over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent or even the whole world" (Forouzan 14). Having understood the basic concepts, types and history of networking, we now turn our attention to the multitude of benefits it brings for its users. Considering the important role networking plays in our lives and the continuous advancements in technology, these benefits are no surprise. In fact, the benefits are even expected to grow as the technological revolution continues. In today's hyper competitive, global environment, the need to communicate effectively is essential. In fact, this effective communication may differentiate one organization from the other and provide a competitive edge. The crux or the essence of networking lies in its ability to allow seamless and efficient communication from one location to another, irrespective of the distance between them. This is the major benefit that arises from using networks. Networking, for instance, allows the supply chain systems of P&G and Wal-Mart to be closely integrated. They are so closely integrated that the moment inventory falls at Wal-Mart, the P&G Replenishment System is notified. Therefore, "With information shared among the manufacturer and the retailer, the manufacturer can use the information about the inventory level of the retailer to manage the frequency, quantity, and timing of the shipments-- instead of waiting for the retailer to place orders" (Grean, Shaw 10). This helps P&G ensure that the shelves of Wal-Mart are stocked with P&G products at all times! Networks not only enable fast, efficient communication across organizations or boundaries but they also enable effective internal communication. Networks can facilitate good communication among employees and improve the organizational efficiency by allowing information such as files, databases, business applications, etc. to be shared within the organization. Consider, for instance, all employees of an organization having access to a common database through a network. If each employee had his or her own isolated view of the database, then the same item may be entered multiple times in the database. Access to a common database, thanks to networking, ensures that redundancy is completely eliminated. Therefore, improved communications is the primary benefit of networking. Without effective communication, even the newest and the most advanced technology will prove to be useless. Other benefits include reduction in costs and hence, significant improvements in efficiency. Networking means the sharing of resources such as printers, scanners, storage space, internet access, etc across the network. This can result in significant cost savings. Networking also improves consistency by providing everyone in the organization with the same consistent information across the network. It also ensures that the information is not redundant. With networking, the organization can also limit access to different individuals in the organization based on their position and role in the organization. They can either be denied access completely or provided read only copies to prevent information from being used for unauthorized purposes. In addition to ensuring security, networks also enable organizations to better administer users. The benefits of networking can further be highlighted when the internet, a network of networks, is considered. In fact, "The arrival of internet into daily life has greatly increased the relevance and importance of computer networks" (Fujiimoto 1). With the internet, the world is now a global village as national and organizational boundaries continue to blur. This blurring is achieved through fast, reliable, timely and accurate communication and transmission of information from one location to another. Large amounts of information can be instantly sent within seconds to another part of the world. It also serves as a repository of critical information. How many people do you know rely on the internet for searching and obtaining useful information? This number is huge and is growing day by day. With the increasing importance of networking, many people are now turning their attention towards a career in networking. However, pursuing such a career is not a piece of cake, as perceived by many people and like most other careers, it involves strong work and commitment to the job and the organization an individual works for. Only after a clear understanding of the jobs that exist within the field of networking, can a person make the right choice. These jobs tend to differ in terms of salary and the skill sets required to perform them desirably. Some of these jobs are discussed below: Network Administrator: The network administrator deals with the technical aspects of networks. These aspects include analysis, installation, configuration, monitoring and maintenance of networks. Therefore, sound technical knowledge related to networking is essential to qualify for this position. Network administrators "need to pursue detailed knowledge about TCP/IP addressing and routing and network hardware, including routers, bridges, gateways, switches, and firewalls. (Hallberg 22)" Network Engineer: A network engineer's job is slightly different. He or she is mainly responsible for upgrading the system when required and evaluating products from different vendors. While in some organizations, a network engineer may be differentiated from a network administrator, in some they are treated as synonymous (How to become a Networker 1). Internet Administrator: The internet administrator needs to have specialized knowledge related to internet based technologies to be able to qualify for this position. Knowledge of Web and FTP servers, HTTP, HTML and other internet protocols and technologies is essential to perform in this position (Hallberg 22). Network Technician: A network technician's job is to make sure that all hardware and software products are working properly. If any problems arise, he or she should repair it immediately so network performance and ultimately, organizational performance is not hampered. They may also assist the customers if they face any problems. Network Programmer: A programmer is someone who writes computer programs. Therefore, a network programmer is someone who writes programs that are used in networks. They also make sure that the existing networks in a company are compatible with the new software technologies that continuously arrive into a company. Network Manager: A network manager is responsible for overseeing the activities of all the above and may include several other job positions as well. This person also plans for the networking aspect of the organization and makes long term, strategic decisions related to it (How to become a Networker 1). These are just some of the job positions available in the field of networking. Therefore, people interested in pursuing a career in this field must do a detailed analysis of the job positions available. Internet can facilitate this analysis. With the continuous advancements in technology, the future of networking seems very bright. These advancements will ensure that future networks are much more efficient and reliable than today's networks. Life will become much simpler than we would have ever imagined. Job opportunities in the field of networking are also likely to grow as advancements will continue to be made. According to Tannenbaum No doubt the range of uses of computer networks will grow rapidly and probably in ways no one can now even foresee. After all, how many people in 1990 predicted that teenagers tediously typing short messages on mobile phones while riding buses would be an immense money maker for telephone companies in 10 years? But short message service is very profitable. (9) Networking may even continue to expand to the extent where you may actually be able to use the webcam placed in your refrigerator to check whether you need any milk while coming home from office (Tanenbaum, 9). Such will be the power and importance of networking in the years to come. However, we all must remember the fact that with benefits come a host of risks. Networking is no exception. As the power and scope of networks grow, they may also present increasing challenges for the organizations in terms of maintaining network security since networks can be easily intercepted if proper security measures are not in place. Therefore, the task of the network users is not just reaping the benefits of networking but facing the challenges it brings and using it to their benefit to achieve a competitive advantage. Works Cited Forouzan, Behrouz. Data Communication and Networking. McGraw-Hill Science Engineering, 2003. Fujiimoto, Richard M., Kalyan S. Perumalla, George F. Riley, Network Simulation. Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2007 Grean, Michael, and Michael J. Shaw, "Supply-Chain Integration through Information Sharing: Channel Partnership between Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble" Hallberg, Bruce. Networking: A Beginner's guide. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005 "History of networking." 2005. Certiguide.com. 2nd January, 2009 < http://www.certiguide.com/apfr/cg_apfr_HistoryofNetworking.htm> "How to become a Networker." New York Times Company. 2nd January, 2009 Laudon, Kenneth C., and Jane P. Laudon, Management Information Systems. Delhi: Pearson Education, 2006. Lowe, Doug. "Networking All-in-One Desk Reference for Dummies. For Dummies, 2005. Martin, James, and Joe, Leben, DECnet Phase V: An OSI Implementation. California: Digital Press, 1992. Tanenbaum, Andrew S., Computer Networks. Prentice Hall, 2003 Read More