Signs of Terrorism Classification - Assignment Example

Perspectives on Terrorism

Chapter 1: 1.1 Exercise

According to the text, there are three common features of the presented definitions of tourism. These features are noncombatant targets, subnational groups, and nationalism. Noncombat targets refer to someone or a person who is not actively involved in the fights. These fights may be during war periods. The person may be just a civilian or an individual who is not part and parcel of the military.

The other common feature presented is the subnational group. This category of individuals are people who can quickly determine and detect who the truly the terrorists are. For instance, in 1993, Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, but his name was not removed from the United States terrorist watchlist until 2008. His name was listed since his political party ANC where he was the chairman, was friendly and linked to Moscow; hence encouraginCommunism, according to Reagan’s administration (Reich, 1998).

The last feature is nationalism. This feature refers to the identification and connection of oneself with one nation. The identification encourages the person to take nothing else from consideration but the advancement or development of their interest of identities. According to Orwell, one of the writers on nationalism, he asserted that nationalism is indispensable from the desire to hold power. According to him, nationalists focus on building their nation, and securing and obtaining more power is their objective.

Chapter 1 Quiz

1. The reason that was started by Osama bin Laden that 9/11 occurred was the following reasons except for which one?

Answer: The U.S freedoms

2. What common focus did the 1984 bombing of the U.S Embassy in Beirut and the United States' attack on 9/11 have?

Answer: U.S support of Israel

3. Timothy McVeigh stated that the Oklahoma City bombing was the reason for the attack?

Answer: Revenge for the U.S invasion of Iraq in Desert Storm

4. Even though it is difficult to define terrorism, the standard definition of terrorism for the world is the U.S Code on terrorism.

Answer: True

5. is the act of being devoted to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force other people.

Answer: Nationalism

6. In the case of the DC Sniper John Allen Muhammad, he was tried as a terrorist and was eligible for capital punishment because of?

Answer: The murder of innocent victims

7. Even though serial killers can cause fear in innocent people through their violence, they are not considered terrorists because?

Answer: Both b and c are correct

8. In the trial of Ted Kaczynski (the Unabomber), the government focused on ____________ because it showed premeditation, thus creating the possibility of first-degree murder.

Answer: the innocent citizens

9. When looking at the case of Critter as an environmental terrorist, his actions could be seen as a ______________ and not a focus on the protection of the environment.

Answer: Fight against authority

10. Looking at terrorist groups (such as the environmental movement and anti-abortion movement) the possibility of an act of terrorism increased when the members were seen as being _____________.

Answer: Frustration

Chapter 2: 2.1 Exercise

When people think of tourism, many pictures develop in their minds. The majority of people think and believe that terrorists come typically from the Middle East. The thought is seemingly untrue since there are many incidences of terrorists who are not from the Arab countries (Thomas & Thomas, 1928).

After conducting research and asking about what people think are the root causes of terrorism, I found distinct answers. The respondent cited that terrorism is mainly as a result of separatist or independence movements. According to him, these movements provide many opportunities for terror acts. He asserted that separatism, as a form of terrorism, provides many chances for governments experiencing ethno-nationalist challenges. This is because the act enables the states or nations to evade talking about ethno-nationalist origins of separatist conflicts. For instance, the terror attack that involved the Chechen and Kurdish separatist conflicts.

The next person shared his opinion that terrorism is significant as a result of the irredentist movement. Irredentism refers to the description of how various popular or political movements reclaim or claim on behalf of the rest of the people of the purported nation, and seek or try to obtain and occupy territories that the irredentist movement members regard to be an unredeemed or lost territory, relying on a living legend or history. For example, the Argentina government has reclaimed a portion of land that they perceived theirs from the Spanish territory. They periodically renew the claim, and to the more magnificent mile, it has included this claim to the transitional provisions in its constitution.

The last category of people holds the opinion that terror attacks or terrorism as an ill motive is mostly motivated by supremacism of a given group of people, Eco-terrorism or environmental protection, and adoption of various political philosophies like anarchism and socialism. The fascism or anarchism aspect is mainly achieved through coups or only as a separatist movement or independent ideologies. Other origins or sources of the act from the survey conducted was dominance or the spread of specific religion, bringing to an end perceived government oppression, and responding or reacting to violent acts.

Chapter 2 Quiz

1. The belief that if a person perceives a situation as real, then the consequences of that situation are also real is called the?

Answer: Social Construction of Reality

2. What is the most common metaphor used by The Sun newspaper when presenting terrorism?

Answer: Terrorism as war.

3. The creation of the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act in 2006, is an example of seeing terrorism as.

Answer: crime

4. Viewing the terrorist as an individual who is incapable of rational thought uses the metaphor of terrorism as.

Answer: Disease

5. One of the main differences between the terrorists who carried out 9/11 and the “terrorists” that have been arrested in FBI sting operations is that the 9/11 terrorists were?

Answer: All of the above

6. Research has found that in the decade after 9/11, 94.2% of federal terrorism convictions were obtained based on?

Answer: Preemptive prosecutions

7. The 93 hours of continuous media coverage after 9/11 was the longest uninterrupted news event in the United States.

Answer: True

8. The mythography of terrorism, as presented in the literature, creates a _________ view on who the terrorists are and where the terrorist attacks occur.

Answer: Realistic

9. Research by Blakely and Nahm (2001) found a more sterilized depiction of terrorism in primetime with respect to the topics of ________ and ________

Answer: Racial profiling, violence

10. The screenplay for the movie Zero Dark Thirty was written with the cooperation of the CIA.

Answer: True

Chapter 3: 3.1 Exercise

Martyrdom is indeed a matter of significant importance when talking about the country's history. To help develop a deeper understanding of the subject topic, we must consider and look at the battle of Alamo, which took place in the United States of America.

The battle began during Texas state fights for independence from Mexico. The war lasted for a period of thirteen days, beginning from 23 Feb, 1836 to 6 Mar, 1836. It was started by a group of Texan soldiers who freely occupied Alamo, which is today referred to as San Antonio city in 1835. The group was led, Benjamin Milam and George Collinsworth. They overpowered their opponents’ garrison and captured or reclaimed the fort, taking power over the city of San Antonio. Later on, the Mexican troops comprising of approximately 1800 to 6000 soldiers led by General Antonio Lopez started a blockade of the fort. It took the Mexican troops six days to break through the outer wall and overwhelm the Texans. The Mexican soldiers were directed not to take any prisoner, and as a result, only a few Texans were not killed during the exercise.

One of the people left was Susannah Dickinson, who was Captain Dickinson's wife. She remained with her young daughter called Angelina. Santa Anna, who was the Mexican leader, then ordered to go Houston's camp to serve as an example for the other population of Texans that they will experience a similar fate if they progressed with their revolt. The Mexican troops also suffered in the battle and lost up to averagely 600 to 1600 soldiers (Editors, 2010).

The creation or development of martyrs in the Alamo fight formed an inherent part of the United States folklore. The reason behind this move is that Alamo remained and stood as a symbol or sign of courage. The move started during the 1846 – 1848 Mexican-American war, where the U.S troops revived the slogan "Remember the Alamo" while battling against the Mexican soldiers. Since then, Alamo is always remembered or commemorated in America from films such as The Alamo, which is starred by John Wayne to various organizations like the Daughters of Alamo (Editors, 2010).

Yes, the story has to be true to inspire. The underlying reason is that it makes people stay alert and become conscious and transform whatever they know. Through this, they may take and walk in the martyrs' footsteps to bring the long-awaited change.

Chapter 3 Quiz

1. The Hashhashin saw violence as a?

Answer: Divine duty

2. In the history of terrorism, it has only been present as an act among the poor in society.

Answer: True

3. The term “terrorism” was first used during the __________ Revolution.

Answer: French

4. According to Robespierre and his followers, terror was viewed as a?

Answer: Moral crusade

5. What type of movement did The People’s will see themselves as.

Answer: Populist

6. When a terrorist group targets specific people who they believed were responsible for the suffering of their people, it is called ___________ terrorism.

Answer: Selective

7. What did Sergey Nechayev see both as a problem and an asset?

Answer: The bourgeoisie

8. Which terrorist group was the first to establish terrorist cells?

Answer: The Irish Republican Army (IRA)

9. What was one of the greatest accomplishments of the People’s Will?

Answer: Overthrow of the Russian Monarchy

10. Why did the United States support the Irish in their fight for independence from Britain?

Answer: The United States didn’t agree with the British policy

Chapter 4

1. What type of uniformity did Muzafer Sherif demonstrate in his use of the autokinetic effect experiment?

Answer: Informational conformity.

2. What did Solomon Asch see as an issue with Muzafer Sherif’s conformity experiment?

Answer: there wasn’t correct answer

3. Sherif and Asch both discovered in their experiments that people will conform because they want to fit in with the group and they believe the group is better informed than the individual.

Answer: True

4. What was the percentage of subjects who conformed to Milgram’s experiment (shocking the learner) at least once?

Answer: 65%

5. The Jews in Nazi Germany are an example of?

Answer: Respect for authority

6. State-initiated genocide has only been limited to small monolithic cultures.

Answer: False

7. One of the reasons the Armenians were targeted in Turkey was?

Answer: A small number of Armenians rose up against the Ottoman rule at the suggestion of Russia

8. Operation X was a program in France that sold opium throughout the world that the United States never knew was happening.

Answer: True

9. The French response in Indochina was later known as

Answer: Proxy war

10. When looking at the massacre that happened in the village of El Mozote, it was evident that the United States supported _________ instead of democracy in Central America.

Answer: Repression

Chapter 5:

1. Since 9/11, the U.S. counterterrorism strategy only focused more on all terrorism from right, left, and international groups.

Answer: True

2. During the time when the Ku Klux Klan was at their peak in the mid-1920s, what changed in the United States to cause the sudden peak?

Answer: Alcohol was illegal

3. In the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” the connection that was made between the Jews and the French Revolution is not a strong one because

Answer: Jews did not have political rights in France at the time

4. The anti-Catholic movement could also be seen as an anti- ____________ movement.

Answer: Immigrant

5. The original Ku Klux Klan was made up of?

Answer: Confederate soldiers

6. Why did evangelical preachers tie themselves to the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s?

Answer: The saw them as an ally in the fight against Catholicism

7. If abortion became legal in 1973, then why did the first violent act of the antiabortion movement happen two decades after this decision?

Answer: The movement preached that all lives mattered

8. The American Nazi movement has been strong in the United States since before World War II.

Answer: False

9. According to American Neo-Nazi groups, what do they mean by the concept of “White genocide”?

Answer: It is the belief that Whites in the United States are being replaced and destroyed by the Civil Rights Act and immigration policy

10. In 2009, which group did the Department of Homeland Security report was at risk of recruitment and radicalization by right-wing extremists?

Answer: Recent military veterans

Chapter 6:

1. After the end of World War II, why did conflict exist in many areas of the world?

Answer: Germany continued to fight

2. Max Weber saw that political modernity depended upon what?

Answer: The centralized state monopolizing violence and creating an “us vs. them” mentality

3. According to Hannah Arendt, the Nazi Holocaust was not any different from previous genocides except that the victims were different than previous victims of imperialist rule.

Answer: True

4. Similar to other imperialist powers, Nazi Germany participated in ___________ to ensure the creation and annihilation of a created enemy.

Answer: Symbolic interactionism

5. Where did the Irgun’s frustration center upon?

Answer: Settlement of Israel

6. The Stern Gang, a splinter group of the Irgun, approached Italy and Germany during World War II to be allies in their fight against the British in Palestine.

Answer: True

7. The Irgun lost a lot of their popularity and public support after which terrorist event?

Answer: Bombing of the King David Hotel

8. In the end, the Mau Mau killed more Africans who they saw as pro-British than they did British in Kenya.

Answer: True

9. Even though the atrocities that were happening in South Africa were known, why did President Reagan still support the South African government?

Answer: Fear of the spread oCommunismsm

10. George Orwell’s essay “Shooting an Elephant” was the story of?

Answer: Moral suffering

Chapter 7:

1. What was the programming focus on the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) radio station Radio Liberty around the world?

Answer: Anti-communist programs

2. What doctrine was presented to congress declaring that the United States would provide military and financial support to the Middle East to protect againsCommunismsm?

Answer: Eisenhower

3. Most of the Muslim extremist attacks are against Muslim states and not Western countries.

Answer: True

4: What was the new political development that was introduced by the Iranian Revolution?

Answer: All of the Above

5. What did the National Security Decision Directive 166 that President Reagan sign in March 1985 focus on?

Answer: Covert military aid to the mujahideen

6. The recruitment to fight in the Afghan War took place only in Afghanistan and neighboring countries.

Answer: False

7. What was an unintended result of the Afghan War?

Answer: Networks of Muslim extremists were formed

8. The Afghan War helped to separate in the minds of the Islamic militants them from the Western world and create a much more hardline interpretation of Islam.

Answer: True

9. Which of the following was a plot carried out by individuals that were trained by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Afghanistan?

Answer: All were events tied to individuals who were CIA trained in Afghanistan

10. The Afghan War was first and foremost a war against the Soviet Union, but during the war another reason surfaced. What was that reason?

Answer: To protect Islam

Chapter: 8

1. Left and right wing extremists disagree about the role of the government, but they share a common discontent for?

Answer: politicians and their operation of the government

2. Right wing terrorists look to bring their country back to some past glory whereas left wing terrorists look to.

Answer: Destroy the existing system

3. The left wing has been more active and stronger outside the United States.

Answer: True

4. Initially the Red Brigade’s main focus of their fight were?

Answer: Workers and unions

5. What Red Brigade action marked the beginning of the end of the group?

Answer: The creation of the Communist Combatant Party

6. Which of the following terrorist activities did the Red Army Faction (RAF) participate in?

Answer: all of the above were activities that the RAF participated in

7. The Weather Underground was a splinter group from which group?

Answer: The Students for a Democratic Society

8. The Weather Underground’s violent action was a means to destroy what/

Answer: Capitalism

9. The Weather Underground had a large support network throughout the United States and in most of the major cities.

Answer: False

10. In Gamson’s research, he found that the use of ______________________ can increase the possibility of change.

Answer: Both b and c are correct

Chapter 9:

1. In 2002, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) singled out which group(s) as the most dangerous threat to domestic security?

Answer: Both a and b

2. The Farm Animal and Research Facilities Protection Act was introduced at a time when what was happening?

Answer: Undercover operations were becoming more and more successful

3. Labeling animal rights activists as “terrorists” was what kind of stance?

Answer: Moral

4. The undercover investigation exposing a slaughterhouse in Chino, California, prompted the U.S. Department of Agriculture to announce the largest meat recall in U.S. history.

Answer: True

5. Less than ____ of science discoveries from animal research are currently part of routine clinical use according to an article published in the British Medical Journal.

Answer: 10%

6. The political fight for animals has been taken up by the Democratic Party in the United States.

Answer: True

7. In the end, the SHAC activists were convicted for the crime of?

Answer: Terrorism

8. In the trail of the Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC 7), the government provided a large dossier on the illegal activities that were committed by the individuals who were on trial.

Answer: False

9. The witnesses for the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act who spoke in front of congress were?

Answer: All the above were witnesses

10. Which Supreme Court case struck down a law that would criminalize the commercial sale or possession of video depicting animal cruelty?

Answer: US v Stevens

Chapter 10:

Exercise 10.1

The three items that should be learned from how Britain approached conflict in N. Ireland are;

• Collusion
• Murders
• Lies

What should be learned from these errors is that the government should not lie to the people who are fighting terrorism in their country. Also, people should not collude with their opponents at the times of war since the collusion will automatically result into their defeat.

Exercise 10.2

Positive torture may be necessary in extreme circumstances when fighting terrorism. This helps the interrogators top fetch more information on the ongoing terror activities or a specific terror group. On the other hand, negative torture should not be practiced when fighting terrorism since it is regarded as a crime against humanity.

Exercise 10.3

Torture plays a significant role in fight against terrorism. One of the positive effect of torture in war against terror attacks is that it incites people more to counter-attack the terrorists. This helps in reducing or minimizing the rate of terror attacks.

Chapter 10: quiz

1. Why did the IRA have a revival in the late 1960s in Northern Ireland?

Answer: Both a and b are correct

2. What event was regarded as the underlying justification for the IRA being needed in Belfast?

Answer: Bombing on Bombay Street

3. One of the biggest issues for the British forces with respect to the searches and internment camps was what?

Answer: Neither the Catholics nor the Protestants were helpful with information

4. In the end, the internment of suspected Republican and Loyalist was about equal for both sides.

Answer: True

5. The majority of individuals who were killed during “Bloody Sunday” were young and unarmed.

Answer: False

6. What did the Saville Inquiry ultimately find with respect to what happened on “Bloody Sunday”?

Answer: That the security forces shot first, fired upon feeling unarmed citizens and discredited the previous Widgery Report.

7. Even though Henri Alleg’s book was banned in France it became a bestseller in France as well as in the United States.

Answer: True

8. What tactics of torture did the French use in the Algerian War?

Answer: All of the above were tactics used

9. What did President Donald Trump say could have helped to stop the terrorist attacks in Belgium on March 23, 2016?

Answer: Torture

10. Why has torture been seen as ineffective as a method to stop terrorism?

Answer: All of the above are reasons