The New Public Management - Assignment Example

University name Student name Student id Course Date Part 1 1.1 Public sector entails offering governmental services such as water, supply, electricity, public roads among others. The services offered to the citizens are mainly financed by the people themselves through taxation. The main aim of the government to be involved in the service provision to the citizens is sole to serve the citizens but not to make profits (Pollitt, 2003). Some of the services that the government offers to the citizens can include health services, security, education services among other to ensure that the citizens’ welfare is guaranteed. Besides, it is the role of the public sector to ensure that the infrastructure and communication network can be in a position to support businesses. The public sector comprises of firms that are managed by the government with an aim of meeting the needs of the citizens. The government can engage in business to offer services that cannot be offered by the private sector. The services that cannot be left in the hands of the private sector such as security and provision of services that need high capital (Colebatch, 1993). Besides, the government ensures that the public sector controls the operations of the market to make sure that the citizens are not exploited in the process of acquiring the necessary services. For instance, the services that entail a lot of risks can only be ventured by the government with the aim of offering the basic services to the citizens. 1.2 The role of the public sector is to provide the necessary public services through the most effective and efficient ways. The government has to ensure that the service provisos to the citizens are done in the most effect ways through efficient utilization of the resources. The collection and use of the public funds need be transparent to ensure that there is accountability in the utilization of the public funds (Pollitt, 2003). This can be achieved through ensuring proper control systems that can ensure that the officers who are responsible for public funds utilization are held responsible for issues of funds. The public sector has been concentrating on ensuring that the services that cannot be provided by the private sector are offered. Besides, the public sector has been ensuring that the necessary services are offered to the citizens at affordable prices. This has been achieved through controlling the production process and setting prices policies that need to be adhered to in the process of offering public utilities. The nature of the public sector is mainly dominated by the public interests (Colebatch, 1993). The government ensures that the interests of the citizens are considered in the process of offering the necessary services. Considering the interest of the citizens has been playing a significant role in ensuring that the need public values are attained (Peters and Pierre, 2003). This can entail engaging the various stakeholders in the public service provision to ensure that the best decision is arrived ta concerning the services needed by the citizens. 1.3 The private sector is characterized by privately owned enterprises that are mainly focused on making profits. The government does not interfere with the business for they are owned and operated by private businesspersons (Peters and Pierre, 2003). However, the operations of the business need to ensure that they adhere to the guidelines set in delivering services to the citizens. The source of the capital of the business operating in the private sector can include savings from the owners of the business or external debts. The motive of venturing into business in the private sector is to make profits. The business ventures in this sector try to ensure that the operations of the business are profitable by employing the needed strategies that can be competitive while considering the external business environments (Bovaird, 2009). The business can be owned by one person or even any persons. A business owned by one individual is referred to as sole proprietorship while the ones operated and owned by many people can be either a company or a partnership. The management of the businesses in the private sector is solely left in the hands of the owners. The owners do ensure that the management practices offered in the business are in a position to achieve the goals set. The private sector can be compared with the public sector by the fact that they are the aimed at meeting the need of the citizens who are the customers (Pollitt, 2003). The services offered are mainly inconsistent with the interests and the demands of the citizens. 1.4 Community sector is mainly focused on ensuring the welfare of the community. It engages in the provision of social service which is not focused on making profits. The community sector tries to establish its relationship with the civil society to ensure that it guarantees justice in the offering of services to the citizens. The community sector concentrates on the environment, social services, education, and other services that are necessary to meet the needs of the citizens (Bovaird, 2009). The services of the sector are mainly focused on enhancing the welfare and health of the citizens. The community sector has become very popular due to its efforts in the process of overcoming the impacts associated with the private sector. The private sector might sometimes be highly focused on the profit making motive failing to consider the welfare of the consumers (Frumkin, 2005). For instance, the private sector might not be concerned with the social responsibilities such as conserving the environment hence leading to pollution. As a result, the community sector tries to ensure that the private sector is made responsible through coming up with policies that are aimed at guaranteeing the welfare of the citizens. The community sector fosters social change towards improving the economy, living standards, cultural and social values. It looks of the best ways of ensuring that the major problems failing the community such as poverty, inequality, and the general welfare are solved. 1.5 The public administration is concerned with managing the activities of the government to ensure that the needs of the citizens are met. This entails formulating policies that are concerned with the proper utilization of the public resources. It is the role of the public administration to ensure that the funds collected from the citizens through taxation are properly used (OECD, 2014). Besides, the public administration ensures that the needed control of the finds is exercised to maximize the benefits to the citizens. The public administration controls the operations of the business units offering services to the citizens. Both the public and private sector are controlled through the policies formulated by the public administration to guarantee the welfare of the citizens (Peters and Pierre, 2003). For instance, the utilization of the funds in the public corporations are controlled to ensure that the public funds are used in the right way to ensure maximization of the public value. Through the control of the public funds, the public corporations ensure that there is accountability in the use of the funds for delivering public services (Colebatch, 1993). Therefore, the purpose of the public administration is mainly geared towards ensuring that the welfare of the citizens is guaranteed. Part 2 2.1 The pre-modern systems are usually based on the extraction of natural resources such as mining, fishing, and forestry among other related activities. The pre-modern societies are said to be loosely structured making the living patterns of the social resemble nomadism due to the gathering behavior instead of extracting the natural resources (Weber, 1946). The regions of the world that have been experiencing harsh climatic conditions are said to experience the pre-modern loosely structured forms. Pre-modern system established some small societies that comprised of few family members. It has minimal governance with neighborhoods that are not tightly together. Pre-modern played a significant role in supporting sophisticated crafts and international trade (Wallerstein, 2004). The powers in the pre-modern systems are in hands of few individuals in the society who are said to assume the responsibility for ensuring the welfare of the residents. 2.2 Several limitations can be associated with the early systems of administration. These limitations can include the lack of efficiency and effectiveness in the administration. The early systems were not efficient in offering the necessary to the public. The lack of efficiency resulted in increased costs of operations such as transportation costs (Hughes, 2003). Besides, the administrative functions were taking long to respond to the issues facing that person they were expected to exercise their responsibilities. The early systems of administration were facing some challenges in the management of the funds for offering services. This was because of the lack of proper controls necessary for ensuring that the resources were utilized properly (Wallerstein, 2004). There was the lack of accountability creating high chances of misusing the funds available for providing services. 2.3 The traditional model components can include the rigid aspect of the model. The model is not flexible where it has not been in a position to accommodate the changes taking place. The traditional model has formal control of leaders with the hierarchical model. This has been affecting the adjustment of the operations of the model to adapt the changes taking place (Weber, 1946). The rigidity of the systems has been making the traditional model irrelevant due to the failure to keep pace with industry changes. The other component can include poor communications that have been affecting the working conditions. The poor communication has been affecting the motivation and engagement of the team members. The members are not involved in the process of making decisions, and the interaction between the top management and the workers is limited (Hughes, 2003). The administrators were few, and their selection was based on the monarch. 2.4 The Weberian principles played a critical role in establishing a formal hierarchical structure to assist the management. The formality of the structure was geared towards enhancing communications. This played a major role in centralizing decision-making process and planning of the activities of organizations. Second, management was changed making the management be based on rules hence enhancing the efficiency of the management practices (Weber, 1946). This assisted in ensuring that the decision made by the top management is executed to the workers. Third, the functional specialty of organizations was changed making most of the work in organizations done using specialists. The employees are then organized into units that are mainly based on the skills or the work they do (Wallerstein, 2004). This was crucial in making the operations of the organization efficient and improving the productivity of the employees. Lastly, Weberian principles brought difference by leading to the focus on the stakeholders of the organizations. The management could ensure the consideration of the interests of the various stakeholders hence eliminating agency conflicts (Hughes, 2003). For instance, the shareholders interest was considered paramount where the management was expected to work towards improving the wealth of the shareholders. 2.5 A complete model of administration can be defined as the model that can be in a position to match the institutional needs. This entails ensuring that every component of administration model is present and functional. With a complete model of administration the management of issues concerning an institution can be properly managed hence guaranteeing the achievement of the set goals. A complete administration model is the one that ensures that unique solutions are created in the institution. With a complete administration model, an organization can be in a position to ensure that the necessary policies governing the public management are properly implemented (Hughes, 2003). Besides, this model assists in ensuring that the necessary public utilities are realized. 2.6 The traditional administration assisted in maintaining law and order. It was crucial in ensuring that there was peace in the society. The political leaders were responsible for binding communities together (Wallerstein, 2004). The traditional public administration was concerned with the welfare of the people where the political leaders were ensuring that there were welfare activities in the community. Besides, the traditional public administration played a crucial role in administering justice. The collection of revenues was also a responsibility of the traditional public administration. The revenues were used in offering the basic public services where the public administration was responsible for making a decision on the best public values. However, various stakeholders of the public were involved to ensure that the public interests are considered (Weber, 1946). The interests of the public become the basis of considering the public values that can satisfy the citizens. 2.7 Some critiques facing the traditional system can include the non-transparent system of administration that led to the misuse of public funds. The officials were not accountable, as they were perceived to have high powers to control the society. This resulted in the failure of the administration to offer the necessary public utilities to the public. The traditional systems had communication barriers that prevented information flow from the administrators to the public making the public unaware of the undertakings of the administration (Hughes, 2003). This was an obstacle in the administration of justice leading to increasing in the abuse of the rights of the citizens in various ways as the administrators avoided public participation as much as they could. The traditional system has been associated with an increase in distrust where the citizens did not have faith on the administrators. Distrust of the system has been affecting the satisfaction of the citizens making the systems being viewed as the barrier to development. The lack of trust can be associated with the lack of inconsistency while prosecuting public offenses such as corruption, theft of the public funds and other administrative offenses (Weber, 1946). It over emphasized on a formal structure that failed in delivering its promise to the citizens making the provision of the public values challenged. Besides, the citizens were considered as insignificant in the administration making the administrators make their decision without consulting the opinions of the citizens. Part 3 3.1 Some differences do exist between management and administration. First, the administration is said to be determinative function while management considered being an executive function. The administration is responsible for making decisions that are crucial in the operations of an organization. The management usually makes decisions and policies with confines of the particular framework established by administration (Riccucci, 2001). The administration is normally considered to be top level while management an activity of middle level. The composition of administration includes owners, while management is made of the management responsible for exercising the necessary management practices in an organization. Administrators are commonly found in military, government, educational and religious institutions while management found in a business setup. The decisions made by the administrators are said to be shaped by government policies, public views, religious and social aspects. The decisions of the management are shaped by beliefs, values, and opinions of the managers (Hughes, 2012). The key functions of administration do include organization and planning while functions of management entail controlling and motivating. Administrator requires administrating qualities but not technical qualifications. The management requires human relations skills, technical abilities and managing skills. The administration is responsible for business functions like finance involving enhancing efficiency of resources utilization. It focuses on incorporating vision with leadership with the aim of achieving the set objectives. Management is a subset of administration hence administration is superior (Riccucci, 2001). As management deals mostly with the human resources, the administration is concerned with issues like investments and expansion of the organization. Therefore, management can be the function of implementing the policies formulated by the administration. 3.2 Some of the characteristics of new public management can include professionalism in the management in the public sector. The professionalisms include ensuring the independence of the employees with the aim of making them innovative and creative in their operations. Ensuring the independence of the employees assists in enhancing their productivity, as they are motivated and able to come up with competitive strategies. Second, new public management ensures performance measures to control the progress of an organization (Hughes, 2012). Measuring the performance assists in ensuring that the operations of the organization are geared towards ensuring that the set objectives are achieved as the right actions are taken in case of deviations. Third, new public management has been focusing on the control of the output. The output is given the most emphasis rather than the procedures, and the citizens are interested in the public values provided. There new public management has led to the breaking of the large entities to small entities to improve the management and delivery of services (Hughes, 2012). Fourth, competition has been encouraged by the new public management where the service delivery has been enhanced as a result. Introducing competition has made the organization work towards ensuring the provision of quality services and products to compete better in the sector. Lastly, the inputs have been changed by the new public management. The input structure has been changed with an aim of improving the service delivery to the public. This includes ensuring skilled labor in the production process to ensure quality. Technology has also been utilized to enhance the production efficiency and ensure that the public values created in a position to satisfy the citizens. 3.3 Management entails working towards achieving the set objectives of an organization. It entails functions such as organizing, planning, coordinating, and controlling. These functions are aligned in ways that can ensure achievement of the set goals of the organization. Marketing elements can include planning, research, strategy and tactics (Dunleavy, 2005). The efforts of the marketing are to increase the volume of sales. Besides, management is superior of the making activities a marketing forms a subset of the management. Managing organization entails incorporating the marketing elements where the managers work towards ensuring that the marketing activities are achieved. Management is responsible for coming up with strategies at are useful in making the organization achieve the set objectives. Marketing elements happen to be part of the strategies formulated by the management. Also, the marketing elements rely on the management to ensure their proper execution and implementation in the market (Kaboolian, 1998). The success of the marketing elements entirely relies on the quality of the management practices. For instance, planning element of marketing has to rely on the management practices of the organization. The management is responsible for the overall affairs of the organization while the marketing elements are some of the activities done by the management of the organization. The importance of management can include setting the necessary climate in organizations that can ensure organizational success. This involves aligning the various functions of management to work towards achieving the same goal. Marketing elements are crucial in enlacing the sales volume hence increasing the revenues of an organization (Blum and Manning, 2009). Therefore, the marketing elements are considered crucial in achieving competitive advantages in the market. 3.4. The differences between the traditional public administration and new public management can include professionalism. The new public administration does ensure that there is professionalism in the administration of the activities of the institution. The traditional public administration did not work towards ensuring professionalism hence failing in ensuring the provision of the necessary public values. The new public management has been setting standards in performance hence ensuring that the management practices of an organization can achieve the set objectives (Barzelay, 2001). On the other hand, the traditional public administration did not ensure standards in performance, as there were no control measures to ensure achievement of the set objectives. New public management has been ensuring control of the output to measure the performance of the organization. The traditional public administration was mainly concentrating on the inputs failing to control the output. The failure to control the output led to the poor performance of the traditional public administration (Hughes, 2012). The new public management has decentralized operations to ensure engagement of the workers at the low level of organizational structure. This has been crucial in the decision-making process as the employees have been involved in the management of the organizational issues. The traditional public administration centralized its operation hence hindering the engagement of the lower levels of the management. The competition levels in the public sector have been promoted by the new public management to help in ensuring quality improvement. The traditional public administration did not promote competition hence compromising the quality of services offered to the public. New public management established labor contracts, a division of labor, performance agreements, and specialization in the process of enhancing productivity in the workplace (Hughes, 2012). The traditional public administration did not encourage healthy working environment hence leading to poor performance. 3.5 The decentralization of the new public management is likely to make the public managers abuse their powers due to the concentration of decisions. As a result, the concentration of powers of the public managers can result in the centralization of decision-making instead of decentralization of the administration public affairs (Farazmand, 2006). This is because the new public management has been increasing the powers of public managers without considering the possibility of abusing the powers. New public management has led to the application of management techniques of the private sector in the public sector. This has led to risks of adopting some management techniques of the private sector to the public sector (Blum and Manning, 2009). New public management is likely to undermine the ethical issues and transparency. This is because of the management independence has given the public managers leading to the lack of accountability. References Colebatch, H.K. and Larmour, P., 1993 Chapter 8 Models and Sectors, in Market, Bureaucracy, and Community: A Student's Guide to Organisation. Pluto Press. 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 Hughes, O. 2003, Chapter 1 The Traditional Model of Public Administration in Public Management and Administration: An Introduction 3rd ed. Palgrave MacMillian File Kaboolian, Linda, 1998. The New Public Management: Challenging the Boundaries of the Management vs. Administration Debate. Public Administration Review. OECD Government Outlays in OECD 2011, OECD Economic Outlook Volume 1, OECD Publishing, Paris. File
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