The Value of Community Sector - Assignment Example

Question 1 a. Public sector is one where the business and other process are controlled by the government and the objective is not to make profits but to provide better services. Public sector looks towards the wellbeing of the society at a large and aim towards framing rules and regulations which will have a positive impact on the lives of people. Some of the distinctive characteristics which public sector denotes are Public sector organizations carry out their functions and role not only in a single hierarchy but in multiple hierarchies depending on the need and requirement of the business (Pratt, 2007). This helps to carry out the different functions effectively and increases the overall role of public sector enterprises. Public sector mainly focuses towards providing services rather than products so that the overall manner in which live in the society can be improved (Pratt, 2007). The process aims towards improving the society by contributing towards different services so that people are better off and are able to avail the services in a better way Public sector do not focuses towards making profits but instead looks towards the betterment of the society. Public sector considers the entire society as one with no differentiation between them so that they can serve for the common good (Pratt, 2007). This thereby increases the overall impetus as the focus is primarily towards developing better services so that the entire society gains at large. B. The role and scope with which public sector functions is very wide and aims toward improving the condition of the society by taking appropriate steps through which service quality can be improved. The scope of public sector is wide and includes all organizations which receives finances either in the form of taxes, fees or license. This thereby tends to include government enterprise also in the purview of public sector. The role of scope of public sector has further expanded in recent times as public sector looks to include private sector as well by outsourcing some activities so that the required expertise, knowledge and experience can be used to improve the business (Pratt, 2007). This has thereby increased the scope of public sector and encompasses all enterprise and business units which are controlled to a certain degree by government agencies and look towards betterment of the society on a large. Public sector carries out different roles which aim towards providing services so that service can be improved. Some of the role which public sector carries out is constructing roads, bridges, providing light and so on. The public sector look towards improving the condition of the society and is not guided by profit motive which is witnessed in the private sector. The role of public sector is thereby very wide and covers every aspect which is undertaken for improving the condition of the society at large. C. Private sector on the other hand is one which is entirely controlled by individuals or group of people and is funded through loans, debentures or shares. The private sector operates with the objective of making profits so that the return to the shareholder can be maximized. Some of the distinctive characteristics of private sector is as The primary focus of private sector is to make profits and use the different resources in a manner through which efficiency can be achieved. The private sector uses the different resources from the society and compensates the same through remuneration. The business is controlled by an individual or a group of individuals whose focus is to develop products. Private sector works in different spheres but the overall objective remains the same and doesn’t aim towards providing services free of cost as they look to charge for every service they provide Public sector thereby is different from private sector as the primary focus with which the sector has been developed is different. The main difference is that the private sector looks to make profit but the public sector looks to improve the condition of the society and is not driven by profit motive. In addition to it private sector is controlled by individual or group of individuals whereas public sector is controlled by the government where the focus is to use the different resources in a manner which will ensure better return to the society. D. The third sector or the community sector is one where a small group of volunteers come together to provide service in their local area. This can also be considered as part of the larger voluntary and groups which provide service but the main focus of the community sector is to deal with local issues and look towards finding solutions for the local problems which they face (Community Sector, 2014). Further, the people working in community sector are volunteers who have themselves decided to work and contribute towards the development of the local area. The community sector works for the betterment and improvement of condition of older people, young families, minority groups and low income groups (Community Sector, 2014). They thereby look towards reducing the differences which is present in the society and aim towards providing a high degree of service so that the local area becomes better developed and is able to meet the different needs and requirements of the community The community sector is distinctive because dealing with local people helps to address the local issues, build relationship and trust, provide services at a lower cost and develop the required momentum through which better services can be provided. The overall mechanism thereby focuses towards the common people and is aimed towards improving their condition E. Public administration looks towards implementing the policies which has been developed by the government and also looks to develop public servant who are capable of carrying out different roles and responsibilities which the administration entrusts on them (IPSASB. 2010). The main focus of public administration is to ensure that the different tools are present so that the government can function in the most effective manner. Public administration has different wings and people who continuously work so that government policies and strategies can be used for the common man. The role of public administration is to facilitate the work which the government carries out so that the society on a large can avail the different benefits which the system provided. This would enable to ensure that all difficulties in the work process is better handled and the government administration is functional in the best possible manner. Question 2 A. The pre modern system is one where things are evolving and new ways and process are bring found out so that society can improve. The focus of pre modern system is towards developing the primary sources so that the community is able to take advantage of the social support which has been developed. The administration system is at the nascent phase and continuous changes and developments are being made so that the entire society evolves and becomes better avenues. The pre modern system looks at using the different resources towards improvement of society and developing the required administration through which better management of resources becomes possible. This would entail towards improving the overall use of resources and would magnify the manner in which different societal development is taking place. B. The early system of administration had certain limitations which are as The process of implementing administration was new and not known to many which thereby left many gaps and made it difficult to garner positive results from it. The overall administration process was not developed which created issues with implementation and didn’t help to achieve the same benefits which were expected The early system of administration didn’t consider different important aspect which has an impact on society. The lack of mode and mechanism to identify the manner in which administration is reaping benefits was not clearly identified which thereby makes it difficult to carry out activities. C. The traditional model primarily focused and was developed based on human element where early relations were given important. The process of administration was focused towards improving the dimensions through which decisions pertaining to society was developed. The administration process was not fully developed and was at its nascent phase which thereby had an impact on overall results. Further, the traditional model didn’t have all the tools as the focus was towards the fact that system would help to improve the entire process of working and society will benefit. The components were derived based on the human relations and the manner through which efficiency and effectiveness in public administration can be witnessed. The focus was towards using human relation and bonding in a manner through which public work can be achieved in a better way. D. Weberian principles were different from the traditional mechanism and helped to make major differences in the manner administration works. The Weberian principles helped to make differences in the following way The administration followed a hierarchical approach which helped to ensure better control and ensured centralized decision making (Johnston, 2012). This ensured better use of resources and minimized losses and wastages The process looked to follow a principle of management by rules which ensured that the decisions which were taken at the top management were executed properly by people at lower levels (Johnston, 2012). This helped the administration process to work in a better way The entire work will be carried out by specialist formed into different groups (Johnston, 2012). This will help to ensure that the work model will be better developed and will aim towards improving the manner in which different work is carried out The focus was towards having properly identified mission statement so that the associated team could work in right sphere (Johnston, 2012). This helped to ensure that people in different departments knew what was expected of them and looked at working in the manner which would fetch maximum rewards The principle also looked to remove the differences which was present among people and treated all people equally (Johnston, 2012). This helped to ensure that the work administration was controlled in a better way and removing the differences helped people to work as a unit The administration also looked at having people at different positions based on technical expertise and specification (Johnston, 2012). This helped to ensure that arbitrary selection of people in public administration was stopped and the focus was towards having people capable of carrying out different roles and activities. E. The complete model of administration looked at having a bureaucratic form of administration where the working was clearly stated and people had to follow the required rules which the top administration made. The model looks at having a hierarchical form of organizational structure so that different decisions can be taken and implemented in the most effective way. This form is slightly rigid as all decisions need to be taken by the top management which usually results in a lot of time thereby delaying the decision making process. The model was not very convincing as having a rigid form of structure results in delays and also has an impact on working structure. Using an authorative form of public administration binds the manner in which different decisions are taken and impacts the overall model in a negative manner. F. The traditional public administration helped in the development and creation of a new public management approach as it brought forward the different core areas which need to be improved and focused on so that better decisions can be taken. The traditional model focused on bureaucratic form of organizational structure where hierarchy was developed and decisions could be taken by the top management only (Pfiffner, 2004). The lower level people had to implement the different decisions which were taken based on the setoff rule principle resulting in rational and legal decision making. The process helped to understand the changes which public administration required and helped to thereby develop the focus through which new public management approach was developed. The traditional public administration thereby contributed in shaping the new public management approach as it helped to fill the void which was present and brought the required flexibility through which operational efficiency improved. The decision making process as a result was better and helped to fix responsibility on concerned individuals. Identification of people based on skills and technical expertise improved and thereby contributed towards better public administration tools. G. The critique of the traditional system which was most effective was the one where the focus was towards a hierarchical mode of organizational structure. This helped to identify the set of rules which was governing on all and provided an opportunity to ensure that all were treated equal (Pfiffner, 2004). The process resulted in ensuring that development of new models of public administration would be better and would provide an opportunity through which working mechanism would be better shaped. The contribution of the critique was helpful as it helped to improve flexibility in decision making process and provided the required options through which working model was improved. Question 3 A. Administration and management seems similar but is different as administration looks to set up the objectives and determine the policies through which the objectives will be achieved whereas management looks at putting the different policies into practice and aims towards the execution part (Management, 2016). Administrative is thereby a determinative function whereas management is an executive function. In addition to it administration looks to take important decisions which cover the entire enterprise whereas management takes the decision confined within the framework which has been identified by the administration. Administration is further considered an act carried out by the top management and is a top level activity whereas management is middle level activity and doesn’t take decisions individually. It is further seen that administrator is usually found in government institutions, educational institutes, religious organization and so on whereas management is usually found in business enterprise (Management, 2016). The decisions which administration takes is shaped by opinion, government policies and religious factors whereas management takes decision based on value and opinion as provided by the manager. B. The characteristics of new public management are as Cutting down cost by ensuring better allocation of resources and increasing transparency so that wastages are controlled (NPM, 2016) Disaggregating traditional bureaucratic organization into different agencies so that overall work performance is improved (NPM, 2016) Decentralization of public agencies so that different work can be carried out by specialized person (NPM, 2016) Separating the functions so that public service can be differentiated from other services (NPM, 2016) Determining market and quasi market mechanism so that work process can be addressed accordingly (NPM, 2016) Increasing emphasis on targets and objectives so that indicators and other tolls to achieve the targets are properly determined (NPM, 2016) Increase emphasis on service quality and customer response so that focus towards customer satisfaction is enhanced (NPM, 2016) C. Management and market element is different as both focuses on different areas through which better use of resources becomes possible. Management focuses on the execution role whereas market elements determine the different determinants which have an impact on the policies and strategies undertaken by management. Market elements help to identify different factors some of which are beyond control and have an influence on management decisions. The management based on market elements have to take different decisions so that the objectives can be better achieved. Market element undergoes constant changes as evolving environment makes changes in the manner different decisions are taken. Market element further has a role on influencing management as it shapes their decisions making process. Management either intentionally or unintentionally undertakes the different market element in their decision making process. This thereby helps to set up the required fundamentals based on which management performs. D. New public management differs from traditional public administration in the following ways New public management focuses towards an approach of decentralization which was not fully adopted in the traditional public administration which thereby delayed the process of decision making New public management gives more importance to indicators and tools to gauge the performance so that objectives can be achieved. Traditional public administration also focused on targets but the tools which were present were limited and thereby didn’t provide the same benefits which were expected of it. New public management has increased the role of private bodies which was lacking in traditional public administration. This has been matched by increased focus towards specialization so that different work activities can be carried out in the most effective manner. E. The critique for new public management is wide because of the fact that it covers a wide arena and has looked towards including different tools and aspect in the working approach. Further, new public management has been developed after considering the gaps which were present in previous approaches. This can further be stated that all the good points and elements from old approaches have been used to develop new public management approach. This thereby has resulted in many critiques who look towards proving the different dimensions and areas which have been covered and needs to be covered. Apart from it the new public management approach is being used and has helped to garner different benefits. It has also helped to identify the gaps which the approach has and focuses developing the required tools through which the gap can be filled. The process has thereby resulted in different critics identifying the different areas and providing their opinion on it so that the entire mechanism can be further improved and better functioning can become possible. References Community Sector. 2014. The Value of Community Sector. Retrieved on June 15, 2016 from http://www.cdf.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/value-of-sector.pdf Johnston, K. 2012. Bureaucratic Form According to Max Weber — His Six Major Principles. Retrieved on June 15, 2016 from http://www.bustingbureaucracy.com/excerpts/weber.htm Management, 2016. Differences between Management and Administration. Retrieved on June 15, 2016 from http://www.differencebetween.net/business/difference-between-management-and-administration/ NPM, 2016. New Public Management – Concept & Review of Literature. Retrieved on June 15, 2016 from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/21366/12/12_chapter2.pdf Pratt, J. 2007. Distinctive characteristics of public sector organisations and implications for leadership. Retrieved on June 15, 2016 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.545.123&rep=rep1&type=pdf Pfiffner, J. 2004. Traditional Public Administration versus The New Public Management: Accountability versus Efficiency. Retrieved on June 15, 2016 from http://pfiffner.gmu.edu/files/pdfs/Book_Chapters/NewPublicMgt.doc.pdf IPSASB. 2010. Key Characteristics of the Public Sector. Retrieved on June 15, 2016 http://www.ifac.org/system/files/downloads/IPSASB-Staff-Draft-Key_Characteristics_Public_Sector.pdf Pre Modern Society. 2015. The premodern System. Retrieved on June 15, 2016 from http://psychology.edu/the-premodern-society/ Read More