Basic Types of Public Policies - Assignment Example

Basic Types of Public Policies Page. 291 1. System-level factors that may limit autonomy Training on how to access and work with interpreters This factor affects the autonomy of the limit in that in case the training is not right and proper the autonomy of the expected limit may be wrong and not of the expected standard but if the training is right and proper then the expected result with be accurate and meaningful. Commitment Lack of commitment is most like prone to result to poor level of autonomy due laxity and lack of concentration while when there is commitment on the other hand, the is likelihood of achieving the expected level of autonomy due to maximum concentration. Technological advancement The level of technology involved also matters a lot. When the level of technology is low or out of date, the system level autonomy is limited due to lack of proper requirements while when the level of technology is good, the system level is less limited. Investment level This matters a lot. Low level of investment is likely to limit the level of the autonomy of the system-level whereby this will be due to lack of adequate resources while on the other hand if the investment is good the system-level may not be much limited. 2. Hierarchy of surrogate decision making The surrogate hierarchy of decision making is based on the fact the in the absence of the competent advanced directives, decision still have to be made. In this case the surrogate hierarchy comes into play. The hierarchy of the surrogate decision making is therefore as follows: Spouse to the patient In case it reaches the decision making point when the suffering patient is out of reach the first people to be consulted in this case are the patients spouse with help in the final decision making. State registered domestic partners are also allowed to come in and play this role together with the sibling. The adult sisters or brothers to the patient In absence of the siblings to the patient or the there unavailability, the grown up sisters or brother are the next people to be consulted for the purpose of decision making to the suffering patient. Guardian to the appointed patient Whenever both the spouse to the patient and his or her brothers and sisters are out of reach, the hierarchy of decision making looks upon the appointed guardian in this case. The individual to who the patient has handed the power of attorney If no one is there to be consulted the attorney to the court- appointed guardian is also to be consulted for decision making. 3. Systematic biases in resource allocation Measurement bias This arises in the case of assigning resources; others may be favored while others may not be favored. Selection bias This may come in place due to self selection and convenience selection. Self selection occurs when individuals allocate resources for themselves while convenience occur when occur when resources are easy to allocate 4. Core ethical principles relevant to the delivery of health care Principle of common good This principle is composed of all the conditions that the society experiences and the positivity behind those conditions. All community must actively show concern towards improving the health awareness in order to make it a better place. This principle has three essential elements which are social welfare, peace and security and respect for persons. This principle aims at protecting human rights in each and every society around the world. Principle of distributive justice It is in line with the concept of human dignity, common good and human rights. It implies what the society at large can offer to individual person. This principle requires that every person within the society be able to access basic health care services that are necessary. Principle of double effect. This principle states that for any action to be good, it should consist of two effects which are intended. Page 276 1. Basic types of public policies Public health policy This is a policy which its objective is to educate and create awareness to the public. It therefore implements ways that will reduce the chances of spreading diseases. As it is known, health is a very vital aspect of our lives. Once the correct measures are put into place, chances are that, less cases of illness will be reported. Everett Koop (1967), Public health is more important and therefore due consideration should be taken. The key function of this policy lies in assessing collected data from the public. That is, data is collected and analyzed to get information which is used to identify the health problems that might be facing the public. This information will lead to a conclusion in order to take the right solutions to the identified problems. There are some promises which are made to the public. Therefore it’s the duty of this policy to ensure all this is met. Campaigns, strategies and some programs are established to meet all these promises. The public will feel being protected. Environmental policy This is a policy which ensures care is taken on the surrounding. It reinforces laws and regulations which ensure conservation of the environment. It condemns human activities which do cause pollution. This policy ensures that a conducive and productive surrounding on human is established. There are goals as well as rules which are established to ensure effectiveness of the policy. Drug policy This policy tries to eradicate the abuse of drugs. It has policies which act against the abuse of these drugs. Its main goal is to stop drug trafficking, selling of illicit drugs and violence from abuse of drugs. Also it tries to ensure that those involved in these crimes face the law. Some organizations have been formed in order to curb the drug abuse. Energy policy Without energy, many crises may arise. This is therefore a policy which tries to focuses on production, consumption and distribution of energy. This policy will ensure that the produced energy is friendly to the environment and also not harmful to human health. With these taken into consideration, the policy will ensure that there is no shortage of energy. 2. Role of lobbying in creation of public policy Lobbying is an act that that is normally carried out by organized groups, private sectors and different types of people. Their aim is to try to influence and reinforce most of the decisions which are made by the people who are in government positions. Normally, most of these officials try to make empty promises. The great lobbyists try to work on behalf of some group. They may be hired in order to influence the legislation. Their aim will be to succeed in favor of the group. 3. How long term care policy in U.S is fragmented It’s seen that some serious problems do occur in hospitals. This is because there lacks cooperation and the appropriate data among the hospital workers. Some health professors describe this issue to reduce the long term investment of an individual. Long term care is not well considered since most of those taken care of are seen to bring no value. Mixed reactions are experienced since most of the medical officers are salaried. This has been the major cause of the fragmentation in U.S. this makes the health care of U.S to be very complex. This is due to the fact that, people with disabilities are left with no health care coverage. 4. Federal legislations Right to access medication Every person is being entitled to be offered full coverage on his health. That’s why health covers are encouraged. The state 5. Medicaid waivers and its relationship to long term care Medicare waiver is defined as a note written from the Medicare which can be given to someone before receiving some services. Normally it acts like a cover to some liabilities arising from financial crises. With all this, one has the right to either accept or refuse a service at will. As this is concerned, long term care service enable one to meet his medical bills or other needs. Both have a relationship because they serve similar services to the owner. 6. Principles that favors long term care Precautionary principle This principle enables the policy makers to justify some of the made decisions which may cause harm. It is used to defend such a decision when it can be seen that some proof may lack. This principle normally protects the public or creates defense when certain harm may be seen to arise. The principle will hold until its justified or proved that no public harm may rise. Due consideration is taken on whether the harm will rise from the environment or not. The whole society will definitely be given bold preventive measures. This principle prevents pollution of the environment Fair dealing This is a policy which will allow individuals to have a right to use refence of other materials. This will enable patience to acquire more information on life issues and their solutions. Read More