Web Development for Business - Coursework Example

Web Development for Business Table of Contents Part 3 Introduction 3 Discussion 3 Conclusion 10 Part 2 11 Introduction 11 Diagrams Model the Class Structure of a System 11 Class 12 Association 12 Association Properties 13 Association Class 13 Sequence Diagrams Model the Interaction between Objects of a System 15 Conclusion 18 References 19 Part 1 Introduction The term object-orientation is generally described as a process, which combines various objects in order to provide and perform meaningful action depending on the object that the user wants to manipulate. The object may be anything that the user selects and manipulates. Additionally, object is defined in the system as an entity, which has its unique characteristics. Besides, the object could be tangible as well as intangible in nature. For instance, bus, student are the tangible object on the other hand, bank account, data structure could be regarded as intangible object (Bharathiar University, 2015; Ambler, 1998). Correspondingly, the prime intention of this essay is to determine whether the object-oriented system enables the modular design to perform and support the code and functionality reuse. Discussion In traditional scenario, the information system was primarily defined through its functionality in which data and functions are kept separated and connected mainly through its input-output relationship. Besides, through applying the approach of object-orientation, which reflect the abstract and brief of the real world object. Additionally, in the object-oriented system object is determined through its characteristics as well as its properties, which is represented by its internal structure and its attributes. Furthermore, behaviour of the object used in the designing and programming is described by its functionality. The objects are illustrations of the classes, which contain data that again forms its attributes (Bharathiar University, 2015; Ambler, 1998). In the current scenario, web software designing has become much dynamic in nature and has significantly changed to a considerable extent. Besides, in the present day context various tool and methodologies are made available to help in development of system. In this regard, it can also be affirmed that development of system needs to take into consideration various activities including system analysis, designing, modelling, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The object-oriented or object orientation method in comparison to the traditional technique is highly different, which centred on the functions and procedures of the system. On the other hand, the object oriented system focuses on the objects that integrate data and functionality for proper structuring of the models. In the context of designing the environment based on object orientation, the software is a collection of separate and distinguished objects, which summarizes its data and functionality to reflect the real scenario objects. Besides, the object-oriented methodology and techniques enables the developer to yield significant benefits. In object-oriented process of analysis and designing each objects has its own attribute, which is to define data of the object and method i.e. functions. Furthermore, the object orientation is based on various groups of classes and each object is interlinked in such a manner that every object is responsible for other (Bharathiar University, 2015; Ambler, 1998). For example, the window-based application requires or needed window objects, which is responsible for undertaking various tasks including opening, sizing, and closing the window. On the other hand, when window display nothing it itself represent an object. The object-oriented methodology helps the designer to develop various set of object that work in a synergistically manner to create software, which enables designers to work towards their specified problem domain. Besides, the approach of object oriented designing and analysis is highly easier to be developed to meet the changing requirements, maintain, and promote de-sign and code reuse. Furthermore, this approach allow people to develop modules of functionality, as once the objects is defined or integrated in the system it will assist in performing the desired functions. Furthermore, the approach of object-oriented method significantly helps in supporting both code and functionality reuse because the approach allows forming high level of abstraction of information at different object level. As mention above, each objects summaries both attributes and functions, which work on significant manner for delivering high level of abstraction of information. Furthermore, it will also allow the designer to concentrate on specified object and ignore the other objects in the system, which correspondingly allow them to design, code, test, as well as maintain the entire system in a much easier manner (Ambler, 1998). Apparently, the traditional approach of designing or developing the system requires different styling methodology in each phases of the process. Besides, moving from one-step to another is highly complex, which is likely to make the transmission of information very slow with high possibility of error during the time of introduction of other language in the system. On the other hand, the object oriented approach utilises single language to analyse, design, program, and designing the database. This flawless approach allows the designer to reduce the possibility of complexity, error and redundancy, which allows in developing system that is more robust. Another feature i.e. class in the object-oriented system allow the designer to carefully outline interfaces the routines and attributes. Correspondently, a well-defined system based on the approach of object-orientation, group the classes into various subsystem that work in highly independent environment. This approach enables the developer to reduce the possibility of error, as one class working will not influence the others. However, the benefits of utilising the approach of object-orientation are highly dependent on the manner in which designer design and code the system. Notably, objects that are been used in the system is reusable, as each of the object work within its own boundary and does not concern about the other object in the system (Ambler, 1998). Reusability features is one of the promising advantage of the object-oriented approach that make it highly efficient over the traditional system. Additionally, as discussed above that object-oriented approach consist of various objects, which contain data and functions. This feature will allow the designers to reuse the codes for further development of new system. Furthermore, the coding reuse can be performed by the designers through sharing of common classes or function in the newer application. Similarly, this code can either be copped or modified in the newer system based on the requirement of developers. However, the major limitation of the coding it that everyone is having access of it, which people can use for their own benefits. Notably, the approach of reusing the codes is highly beneficial for designers, as they do not have to rewrite the full codes again. This potentially decreases the development and maintenance expenses considerably. On the contrary, the major limitation of reusing the codes is that it diminishes the scope of programming (Bharathiar University, 2015; Ambler, 1998). Correspondingly, the other reusing support that object-oriented approach provides to the designer is reuse of inheritance, templates, components, framework, and domain components among others functionalities. Inheritance is one of the most fundamental aspects of object-oriented approach, which can be reusable to implement in the existing classes. Furthermore, the reuse of templates, which comprises the set of layouts, can also be reusable for the development of artifacts -documents, framework, models, and source code. On the other hand, the components that are used in the particular system, which the developer does not have the access in the source code can also be reusable in the object-oriented system, like components of ‘Java Beans’ and ‘ActiveX’. In addition, the framework i.e. the collection of classes in one system can also be reusable, which adds significant advantage to the designers. The domain components are integral part of program and application, which consists of collection of various domains as well as business classes that provides support to perform cohesive set of responsibilities. Furthermore, in object-oriented approach these domain components can be reusable through initializing the approach of identifying the architecture-driven modelling, which further can be modified and altered during the phase of development of newer system (Munassar & Govardhan, 2011). For example, converting a two-letter state into full name can be done through developing the function and place in existing PHP file. The exercise is done through following series of process, which includes. Step: 1. Developing prepend.php file from the existing PHP file Step: 2. Clear the codes that were present in prepend.php file through replacing it with following code Step: 3. saving the file in document root and creating the new file in the ‘text editor’ through placing the following codes Step: 4. save the file naming state.php in document root (Source: Suehring & Valade, 2015) Conclusion Based on the discussion, it is stated that development of system in the current scenario has significantly become dynamic and underwent changes. On the other hand, object-oriented approach allows the users to form discrete objects, which encapsulate their own data and functionality. Moreover, it also allows the designer to reduce the maintenance, code dependability, modelling, and enhance the reliability and flexibility of the system. Furthermore, it also forms a significant level of abstraction, transmission, enhances to form high quality programming and promote reusability of codes and functions in the newer application. Part 2 Introduction The Unified Modelling Language (UML) is regarded to be the standard visual modelling language that has been significantly used in order to illustrate, identify, design, and manuscript the object oriented systems. Furthermore, UML is highly applicable in diversified application domain and can be used with all the objects and components of the system. Moreover, the U in UML specifies unified because it is unified version of the traditional modelling approaches. Alternatively, this modelling language are been used in the software engineering that has been designed to provide general approach to visualize the overall design that are presented in the system (Laurie Williams, 2004). Class Diagrams Model the Class Structure of a System In any object-oriented system, class diagram the UML signifies the motionless structural diagram, which illustrates the system through reflecting its classes, its attributes, methods or functionality, relationship with other objects. Additionally, class diagrams are the main element in the object-oriented system. Moreover, the class diagram in the object-oriented system has been used to module the structural aspects of the entire system, which is represented by classes in the object-oriented system. The class structure has been performed by classes with respective attributes and operations along with the interrelationship between the different classes in the system. Classes diagram is also important for creation of data modelling in which class in the diagram of UML represents the main objects, the process of interaction of the application as well as the classes that should be programmed. The classes in the class diagram are represented in box, which has been further sub-divided into three different sections in which the top section reflects the name of the class and subsequent second and third sections reflects the attributes and methods (Bristish Columbia, 2005; Martin, No Date). Correspondently, the key role of the class diagram is to reflect and depict the different classes surrounded by the specified model. In any object-oriented system each classes has its different attributes, functioning, and relationship among the different classes of the model. Apparently, the approach class diagram of UML has such ability to reflect this entire aspect in a much comprehensive manner. Furthermore, the class diagram model should integrate the following element in the diagram (Bristish Columbia, 2005; Martin, No Date). Class Classes, which perceive to be main building block of any objective oriented system, symbolize the abstraction of the content of the system. As described earlier that the class in the diagram represented in box format in which the upper layer represents the class name, middle determines the different attributes of the class along with its detail and the lower reflects the operation and its detail. Furthermore, middle layer represents the information regarding the class and lower provides the behaviour of the classes (Bristish Columbia, 2005; Martin, No Date). Association Correspondingly, the objects in the object-oriented system are highly related or associated with different objects of the system in a bi-direction or uni-directional manner. Line having no end represents a bi-directional association; an arrowhead at one end of the line represents the uni-directional association and diamond shape represents the composition respectively (Bristish Columbia, 2005; Martin, No Date). Association Properties Associations among the different classes may have the properties of name or label, role, and multiplicity in which association name/label perceives the short description regarding association. Besides, in uni-directional association there was two alternative name or labels. On the other hand, the role indicates the context of the different classes in the association. In addition, the association multiplicity reflects various objects of class, which contribute to form relationship with the particular object of different class (Bristish Columbia, 2005; Martin, n.d.). Association Class Association class is also termed as linking class in the model and has been used to model the association that has its attributes and functioning. Additionally, in the object-oriented system, some attributes and functioning, which cannot be modelled among the classes through forming the relationship but share the same classes, is known to be ‘association classes in the class diagram (Bristish Columbia, 2005; Martin, No Date). For example, the class diagram of the online shopping has been depicted below. (Source: Uml-diagrams.org, 2014) Above diagram depicted that each customers have their unique user id that is significantly linked with one account and customer can list themselves as the web users to perform online shopping. Moreover, the customer orders will be sorted on the basic of receipt of payments and payment platform should have its unique id. Sequence Diagrams Model the Interaction between Objects of a System Sequential diagram model play an integral role in object-oriented system through interconnecting various objects based on time. Additionally, the model show how the objects interact with each other in the system in a particular scenario. In other word, sequential model of the system represents the interaction diagram, which shows the manner in which processes functions with each other and its order. In the process of designing the system designers creates different small models in various classes. Moreover, it has become quite difficult to reflect and point out the overall behaviour of the design and sequential diagram modelling enables to verify such behaviour. Sequential diagram needed to be annotated with comments, as UML permits to form comments throughout the diagram. Object are involved in object oriented web, which are been placed in x-axis. Objects in sequential diagram are the senders and receiver of message that other object communicates. In the object-oriented system, objects are the main actors of the system. Furthermore, the messages that the different objects send and receive are been reflected in y-axis, which has been arranged in chronological manner through following top to bottom approach. Furthermore, the manner in which the message flows between the object are to be indicated with the use of arrow. Thus, the participants, message and axis in the diagram are the key component of any sequential diagram model in which participants represents the object or entity, message is communicated that participants form among other and axis represents the action. In the sequential diagram the objects are been represented in the vertical dashed manner, which is called the lifeline and the lifeline highlights the existence of objects. The symbol of the object has been drawn in the head of the lifeline, which displays the name of the object, its class separated by colon. Furthermore, in any sequential diagram the object can be used in the underlining manner: A lifeline, which represents object and its class The object class be unspecified The object can be unnamed but if the designer want to discriminate that particular object with others of same class then they need to specify the name Lifeline representing the class existence parallel with lifelines, which symbolizes the objects of class Correspondingly, the message consists of the information that the particular object needs to ensure though its activities. Additionally, in sequence diagrams, the lifeline of object to others has been shown with the mean of message using horizontal solid arrow. Besides, in case when the object messages to itself the arrow may start and finish within the same lifeline. On the other hand, while forming sequential diagram the designer labelled the arrow through using the message along with its parameters and through the mean of sequence number in order to reflect the sequence of message during the entire interaction process. In certain scenario, the sequence numbers are been not reflected in the sequence diagrams because arrow physical location will work as the mechanism of reflecting the relative sequence. Moreover, the message may also be unassigned, which represents name is a temporary string that highly describes on the whole meaning of the message. Notably, designer may also create the message through specifying the functioning of the message’s in the desired object. Relatively, through operation the specified operation of the designer will replace the message name. In addition, script in the diagram will present the flow of the information in textual manner. In general the script are been highlighted in left position of lifeline that makes it easier to read in a top down manner. Besides, in certain circumstances the scripts are been attached with the message, which will ensure proper flow of script along with message. Furthermore, the control flow can be followed in centralise or decentralised manner. In centralised control few object will steer the flow of event through sending and receiving the message from other. On the other hand, in decentralisation controlling the participants will be able to form direct communication with others (Rational Software Corporation, 2001). For example, figure depicted below represents ‘Balance Lookup’, sequence utilised ‘accountNumber’ parameter, as a variable. On the other hand, the sequence diagram highlighted that ‘Real’ object has been returned. (Source: Bell, 2014) Conclusion Based on the overall discussion it can be comprehended that UML is the integral mean of standard visual modelling used to illustrate, identify, design, and manuscript the object. Additionally, the UML is highly applicable in various domains; the class diagram in the UML significance will be made in order to module the structural aspect of entire system that has been represented by classes in the system. On the other hand, the sequential diagram reflects the interaction of the objects in the system. Besides, it also reflects how the processes functions among each other and its specified orders. References Ambler, S., 1998. A Realistic Look at Object-Oriented Reuse. Article. [Online] Available at: http://www.drdobbs.com/a-realistic-look-at-object-oriented-reus/184415594 [Accessed March 12, 2015]. Bell, D., 2014. UML Basics: The Sequence Diagram. Technical Library. [Online] Available at: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/rational/library/3101.html [Accessed March 12, 2015]. Bharathiar University, 2015. Object Oriented Concepts. Object Oriented. [Online] Available at: http://www.b-u.ac.in/sde_book/object_orient.pdf [Accessed March 12, 2015]. Bristish Columbia, 2005. Domain Class Diagram Modelling Standards and Guidelines. Information and Technology Management Branch, pp. 3-10. Laurie Williams, 2004. An Introduction to the Unified Modelling Language. A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Words. [Online] Available at: http://agile.csc.ncsu.edu/SEMaterials/UMLOverview.pdf [Accessed March 12, 2015]. Martin, R. C., No Date. UML Tutorial: Part 1: Class Diagrams. Article. [Online] Available at: http://www.objectmentor.com/resources/articles/umlClassDiagrams.pdf [Accessed March 12, 2015]. Munassar, N. M. A. & Govardhan, A., 2011. Comparison between Traditional Approach and Object-Oriented Approach in Software Engineering Development. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 70-76. Rational Software Corporation, 2001. Guidelines: Sequence Diagram. Sequence Diagram. [Online] Available at: http://sce.uhcl.edu/helm/rationalunifiedprocess/process/modguide/md_seqdm.htm [Accessed March 12, 2015]. Suehring, S. & Valade, J., 2015. Reuse Code in PHP Programs through Functions. PHP, MySQL, JavaScript & HTML5 All-in-One for Dummies. [Online] Available at: http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/reuse-code-in-php-programs-through-functions.html [Accessed March 12, 2015]. Uml-diagrams.org, 2014. Online Shopping. UML Class Diagram Example. [Online] Available at: http://www.uml-diagrams.org/examples/online-shopping-domain-uml-diagram-example.html?context=cls-examples [Accessed March 12, 2015]. Read More